1. Seasons, Weather, Climate, Extreme Weather

2. How does the location of the suns rays impact our everyday life?
Temperature
Crop growth
Location of cities
Why does it affect these things?

3. Earth / Sun Relationships
What is the difference between rotation and revolution?
Rotation
1 spin around the axis =
24 hours/1 day
Revolution
1 time around the sun =
days/1 year

4. Why do we have Seasons?
Earth’s revolution and axial tilt change the amount of sunlight that parts of the Earth get from the sun.
Axial tilt – 23.5* tilt

5. When do the Seasons Begin?
EQUINOX – Sun overhead at noon at Equator. Days and nights are same length.
Spring Equinox - March 21, Fall Equinox - September 23
SOLSTICE – Sun overhead at noon at Tropics. Longest day in summer, shortest day in winter.
Summer Solstice - June 20 or 21, Winter Solstice - December 22 or 23

6. How do these pieces fit together?

7. What is meteorology? study of “day to day atmospheric conditions”
Weather!

8. What are the four elements of weather?
Temperature
Cloud cover
Wind
Precipitation

10. El Niño and La Niña
A periodic change in the pattern of mid-Pacific ocean currents and water temperatures can cause trade winds to diminish or even change direction, leading to worldwide climate alterations.
The El Niño phenomenon generally occurs during December or January, around the Christmas season, so Peruvian sailors nicknamed the event after the Christ Child–el niño santo, “the holy little boy” in Spanish.

11. El Nino & La Nina El Nino La Nina
Warming of the water in the Pacific Ocean
High Pressure
Every 3-7 Years
Affect on U.S.?
Heavy Rain or Drought
Cooling of the water in the Pacific Ocean
Low Pressure
Every 3-7 Years

13. What kinds of effects do El Niño phenomena have on the earth’s people?
El Niño phenomena causes increased precipitation and warmer winters along the coasts of North and South America. This may cause flooding in some areas, increase storm damage, lead to crop failures from drought, and make desert areas bloom with wildflowers. Droughts in Southeast Asia and Australia cause massive forest fires, and their smoke spawns additional weather phenomena and adversely affects human health.
Section 2-17

14. Farmers depend on the weather and have learned to adapt to normal climate variations.
They choose certain crops and plant at certain seasons, according to their knowledge of local weather patterns.
In an El Niño year, the weather may be dramatically different, causing crop failures and therefore food shortages.
El Niño years also may cause damaging storms or severe droughts.

15. Common Weather Symbols

16. Difference between Weather and Climate?
Weather = Day to day conditions of the atmosphere
Climate = Conditions of the atmosphere over long term

17. What is Climate?
average condition of weather based on minimum 30 years of statistics
Climatology- is the study of climate
Climate affects everything!!!
vegetation, soils, landforms, and water resources, and many human activities  
What are climate regions?
climate characteristics are similar
Boundaries are gradual instead of sharp lines
You cant just take one step and be out of a desert!

18. Thematic Map : World Climate Regions

19. Precipitation around the World

20. What factors affect climate?
Wind
Ocean Currents
Latitude
Elevation
Topography

21. Review: Global Wind Currents

23. Review: Global Ocean Currents

25. Gulf Stream

26. How does latitude affect climate?
Further from equator is colder!!!
3 latitude zones of climate?
Low or tropical (0* * N/S)
Middle or temperate (24* * N/S)
High or polar (66.5* - 90* N/S)

27. How does elevation affect climate?
Elevation - distance above sea level
As altitude/elevation increases, air temperature drops 3.5 degrees per 1,000 ft.
12,000 ft. and above are arctic climates

28. Elevation and Climate (cont.)
Explain why high mountaintops are always covered by snow, even in the Tropics.
The thinner atmosphere in higher altitudes retains less heat. Therefore, temperatures are lower at high altitudes. If the mountaintops are high enough, it will always be too cold for the snow to melt.
Section 2-9

29. How does topography effect climate?
Various landforms affect climate
Can you think of any examples?
Great Lakes
Major rivers
Mountains

31. Climate Region Review

32. Tropical Wet
hot avg. temp 80
avg. 80 inches of rain per year

33. Humid Continental Large variety in temperature mid-latitudes
Northern Hemisphere
Four Seasons

34. Semiarid Not much rain, 16 inches avg. per yr. Hot Summers
Mild/Cold Winters
Can support a productive agriculture

35. Desert
Less than 10 inches of rain per yr.
Hot or Cold

36. Humid Subtropical Long summers Hot and Humid
Located on the east coasts of continents
Southeast U.S. is an example

37. Tropical wet and dry Rainy season during summer
Dry season during winter
Located near tropical wet climates in Africa, South and Central Am. & Asia

38. Tundra Flat, treeless, ring around the Arctic Ocean
Less than 15 inches of precipitation a year
Permafrost soil- always frozen

39. Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences Without the Coriolis effect, how might the earth’s climates be different?
Climates would be more extreme, or not as mild.
Section 2-21

40. Climate Regions (cont.)
Which of the climate regions do you think are most heavily populated? Why do you think so?
Mid-latitude and tropical regions are the most heavily populated. Mid-latitude climate regions tend to be temperate, and the tropical climate regions are generally warm to hot with lush vegetation.
Section 3-12

41. Reviewing Facts: List three key factors that affect climate.
Factors Affecting Climate
List three key factors that affect climate.
The three key factors that affect climate are latitude, air and ocean currents, and landforms.
Chapter Assessment 8

42. Extreme Weather
Hurricanes
Tornadoes
Floods
Drought
Blizzards

43. What is a hurricane?
extreme low pressure storm - begins over warm water
How are hurricanes formed?
Very Low Pressure
Warm Ocean Waters
What are the 3 classes of Storms?
Trop. Depression
Trop. Storm
Hurricane
What is a hurricane in the Pacific Ocean called?
Typhoon

44. What causes most of the damage during a hurricane?
Storm Surge – Rising Ocean levels due to increased winds
One foot of water for every 10 mph. Of wind

45. How do we rank a hurricanes’ strength?

46. Tornadoes – What causes them
Tornadoes – What causes them? Strong cold fronts collide with strong warm fronts Circular winds develop and strengthen

47. Where do most tornadoes occur?

48. How do we measure tornadoes? - By the amount of damage caused

49. Earth’s Forces Ring of Fire Movie
If you were the mayor of a city, which could be affected by a hurricane, how would you protect the city and its citizens?
Write at least 5 sentences

50. How many different layers make up the Earth’s structure?
What are they?
Inner Core
Outer Core
Mantle
Crust

51. What is the Earth’s Core?
Solid metallic Inner Core
Liquid metallic Outer Core
Both made of iron and nickel

52. What is the Mantle? Surrounds the core
Soft layer of molten (melted) rock called magma!!!

53. What is the Crust?
Thin layer of rock at the earth’s surface

54. What is the Atmosphere?
Layer of gas surrounding the earth

55. What is the Lithosphere?
Solid rock portion of the Earth’s surface

56. What is the Hydrosphere?
All the water elements of the Earth
Oceans
Seas
Rivers
Lakes

57. What is the Biosphere? Where plants and animals live
Includes: Atmosphere, Lithosphere, & Hydrosphere

58. What is Plate Tectonics?
Movement of large plates (crust) above magma in the mantle
What proof is there?
Fossils, plants and animals along coastlines of separated continents

59. What is the theory of Continental Drift?
1912 theory by Alfred Wegener
Earth once had a supercontinent (all connected)
Called “Pangea”

60. Plate Boundaries
Plates collide, separate, and shift along these boundaries

61. What type of movements are there?
Divergent
Convergent: Subduction
Convergent: Collision
Transform

62. Example: Sub-Duction Zone

63. Example: Sea Floor Spreading

64. Example: Transform Boundary San Andreas Fault-California
What type of movement takes place?
Transform Movement

65. How are Earthquakes measured?
Seismograph
Measures the size of waves created by the earthquake

67. Earthquakes

68. Review: Plate Tectonics
Plate Movement
Spreading – usually ocean floor
Sub-duction – form Volcanoes
Collision – form mountains
Sliding/Shearing – cause earthquakes
Boundaries – where plates meet
Divergent- moving apart
Convergent - collide
Transform – slide past each other

72. Volcanoes What is the Ring of Fire?
Most volcanoes located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean

74. What force might have caused this?

75. What force might have caused this?

76. What force might have caused this?

77. What force might have caused this?

78. What is Weathering? Types of Weathering are…
Mechanical – When rocks and other minerals are broken into smaller pieces.
Chemical – When minerals are changed completely when they mix with water and air. Like metal changing to rust.

79. What is Wind Erosion? Loess is wind-blown silt, sand, and clay.
Can form sand dunes 100’s of feet deep!

80. What is Water Erosion?
Precipitation
Mudslides
Avalanche

81. What is Glacial Erosion?
Glaciation – changes in a landform made from a slowly moving sheet of ice (glacier)
Moraines – rocks left behind after a glacier moves
Creates new valleys, hills, or ridges

82. What is soil, how is it made?
Through the process of weathering and erosion of rocks
Humus – quality of soil
Texture of the soil
Amount of organic material in the soil