1. Classification and ID, Ch 2, -33 With the trends toward globalization, and the “world getting smaller” a uniform system of naming plants is needed. Carl Linnaeus is recognized as the person who initiated the scientific [botanical, or binomial] system of classification

2. The binomial system -34 Genus, species, classifier Example: Vigna unguiculata, Walp.  Or Vigna unguiculata, Wallp  When you write scientific names of plants, you will be expected to italicize, or underline the genus and species terms (!)

3. Botanical Classification -33 Kingdom – Plantae Division – Magnoliophyta Class !  Lilliopsida (Monocots) !  Magnoliopsida (Dicots) ! Subclass Order

4. Bot. Classification, cont. -33 This is where it gets practical [know] Family !  Poaceae (Gramineae)  Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) Genus ! Species ! Subspecies Variety

5. Important Crop Families -34 1. Fabaceae - legumes 2. Poaceae - grasses 3 Brassicaceae – mustards 4. Solanaceae – nightshade, potato 9. Malvaceae – mallow family (e.g. cotton) 12. Convovulaceae – morning glory family

6. Scientific names of crops we need to know, first the cereals -35 Barley – Hordeum vulgare L. Maize – Zea mays L. Oats – Avena sativa L. Rice – Oryza sativa L. Rye – Secale cereale L. Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor (Moench) Wheat, bread – Triticum aestivum L.

7. Sci. names of crops to know, oil and protein -35 Bean, com./field – Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cowpea – Vigna spp. Peanut – Arachis hypogaea L. Pigeonpea – Cajanus cajan Millsp. Soybean – Glycine max Merr. Sunflower – Helianthus annuus L.

8. Sci. names of crops to know - 35 Root and Tuber  Cassava – Manihot esculenta Crantz  Potato – Solanum tuberosum L.  Sweet potato – Ipomoea batatas L.  Yams – Dioscorea spp. Sugar  Sugarcane – Saccharum officinarum L.  Sugarbeet – Beta vulgaris L.

9. Sci. names of crops to know -35 Fiber  Cotton, upland – Gossypium hirsutum L.  Kenaf – Hibiscus cannabinus L. Drug/Medicinal  Tobacco – Nicotiana tabacum L.  Hemp – Cannabis sativa L.

10. Forages - 36 Very important for feed, crop rotations, erosion control, environmental enhancements (landscaping)... But not a focus of this course

11. Other Categories of Life -36 Taxonomists proposing five kingdoms:  Monera – bacteria  Protista – protozoa and algae  Fungi – [true] fungi  Plantae – Plants  Animalia – multicellular animals (insects/worms/mammals)  (more)

12. Monera -37 Unicellular Reproduce by cell division (binary fission) Most abundant organism, most environments Include Ps and non-Ps bacteria Usually saprophytes or parasites

13. Monera, in agriculture -37 Breakdown of residues, pesticides,wastes Nutrient recycling Causative agents for plant diseases Improvement of soil structure via decomp. Nitrogen Fixation Biological control (diseases of pests)

14. Protista -37 Unicellular and multicellular (e.g. algae) Ps and non-Ps, in moist environments  (Includes marine plankton) Algae is seen as basis of food chains and health of aquatic ecosystems

15. Fungi - 37 No Ps Saprophytes and parasites Reproduce by fission, budding, spores Includes molds, yeasts, mushrooms and pathogens  (More)

16. Fungi, agriculturally -37 Breakdown of residues, pesticides, wastes Nutrient recycling Causative agent for many diseases Improves soil structure, via decomp. Biological control of pests Improves absorption of nutrients (mycorrhizae)

17. Viruses -38 Only reproduce in living cells (Non-living) Agriculturally important:  Causative agent for diseases  Biological control of pests

18. Place of Origin -38 Origin of species defined as geographic area with greatest diversity of that species Nikolai Vavilov credited with concept Important to plant breeders who are seeking rare genetic traits Jack Harlan did more recent classifications and reclassifications

19. Vavilov’s Centers of Origin CenterImp’t Species  ChineseSoybean  IndianRice  Central AsiaWheat  MediterraneanWhite Clover  EthiopiaSorghum  Central AmericaMaize  South AmericaPotato, Peanuts

20. Broad categories, based on origin Indigenous – natives Exotic – introduced to area, intentionally or unintentionally (e.g., kudzu, cogongrass)  Problem of invasives costing millions $$

21. Species Native Western Hem.-39 Prairie grasses – many Common Bean Maize Papaya Peanut Potato Sunflower Sweet Potato Switchgrass Tobacco Tomato

22. Classification: Agronomic Use -39 Grain – any crop grown for its seed for animal feed or human food Cereal – grass grown for its edible seed ! Small Grain – small-seeded species of grain crops Pulse – legume grown for its edible seed ! Forages: Hay=cut, cured; Silage=forage preserved in succulent condition via fermentation; Greenchop =cut, fed fresh (soilage)

23. Specific Agronomic Use/1 ! -40 Catch – replaces failed crops Nurse – sown to help establish another Companion – crops grown in association Cover – protects soil, conserves nutrients Supplementary – crops grown to increase production in unfavorable periods Green manure – crop incorporated to improve soil fertility

24. Specific Agronomic Use/2 ! 40 Seed – any crop grown to produce seed for planting Trap – crop used to attract insects or parasites Oil – crops grown for oil content Fiber – crops grown for paper or textiles

25. Terms in Cropping Systems -40 Crop Rotation ! – yearly succession of crops – opposite of “monocropping” Fallow – two types  Summer – to conserve moisture  Bush – to restore nutrients

26. Sole cropping vs monocropping Clarification – Sole crop means only “one species in a field at one time” – e.g. most US grown row crops are “sole” cropped. Not so in limited input farming where farmers will intercrop (“consorcio”) as a risk reduction practice. Opposite of intercropping. Monocropping is “over time,” opposite of rotation

27. Life Cycle/1 - 41 Annuals – complete entire life cycle and die in one year  Spring annuals – grow and mature in spring (e.g., oats, spring wheat)  Summer annuals – plant in spring, harvest in fall (e.g., soybeans, peanuts)  Winter annuals – planted in fall, vernalized, harvest following spring (winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye)

28. Life Cycle/2 (cont.) - 41 Biennials – typically require two growing seasons to complete life cycle, requiring vernalization (e.g., sweetclover, carrot, turnip, sugarbeet) Perennials – indefinite life period, do not die after reproduction

29. ID of common plants -42

30. Vernation, imp’t in grass ID -43

31. Inflorescence types -45

32. Three most common -45

33. Inflorescence types -45 Spike (e.g. wheat, rye, barley) Raceme (pearl millet) Panicle (rice, oats) Head (red clover, white clover)

34. Common Field Crops, Cereals -45 Maize (corn), Zea mays  Annual  Flower type – imperfect (monoecious) a major problem in marginal and unpredictable ppt environments  Types: Dent, Flint, Flour, Pop, Pod, Sweet  Grain about 9% protein  Ethanol (now)

35. Grain Sorghum, -46 There are several types of sorghum, however Sorghum bicolor is Grain & Forage grown in US. Life cycle – KLB believes it to be short-lived perennial – it behaves like a perennial – it “rattoons” and it has a dormancy mechanism (note!) Quite drought-tolerant (perfect flowers) Efficient user of moisture – TR of about 325 Protein is not well balanced, and only ~8%, with feeding value of 85-90% of corn

36. Small Grains -46 All germinate under cool temps, can be grown where ppt is limited  Barley (Hordeum vulgare), primarily malt and feed uses  Oats (Avena sativa), among highest quality grains, ~14% and proven cholesterol reducer (Cheerios) also, primary nurse crop to est. forages  Rye (Secale cereale), most winter hardy of group  Wheat, most important and valued (see next)

37. Wheat, (½) -47 Common wheat is Triticum aestivum and is hexaploid (6N) – bread and pastries ~14% protein Durum wheat is Triticum durum and is known as “semolina” or spaghetti wheat and is highest protein % of cereals ~17, it is tetraploid (4N) Winter wheat requires “vernalization”

38. Wheat (2/2) -47 Market classes of wheat  Hard red winter – bread -highest yielder (req. vern)  Hard red spring - bread  Soft red winter – (req. vernalization)  White – pastry and biscuit (lowest protein)  Durum – semolina (highest protein)  Mixed  Note: spring wheats are the Green Revolution wheats

39. Barley - 48 Two major types:  Six-row – Hordeum vulgare  Two-row – Hordeum distichum There are hulled (lemma and palea attached to caryopsis after harvest) and hull-less types

40. Rye -49 Winter and spring types Hardiest and most tolerant of small grains Grain may contain fungus (Ergot) which can be recognized – gives meal “fishy” smell Cover crop in SE, protects soil and conserves nutrients (environmental!)

41. Oats -49 Excellent food and feed – high protein Typically, dairy operations will have oats in program, as feed and to establish forages  Forage seed develop slowly, permitting weeds to get jump on them  Oats germinate under cool temps and grow quickly, shading out the weeds, but permitting the forage to get started  Straw value can be substantial

42. Rice - 50 Several types (polished rice ~8% protein):  japonica – paddy (irrigated) – Green Revolution rice – short, sticky kernels/cooked  indica – upland – slender, dry kernels/cooked  javanica  African (Nerica) – recent yield breakthrough  Oryzae glabberima – Floating rice  Note that wild rice is not Oryzae, but Zizania

43. Pulse Crops - 50 Fix their own nitrogen! Are high protein, typically 17-25% Tend to be susceptible to pests None have had jumps in yield and many had acreage losses to Green Revolution crops

44. Soybeans (Glycine max) -50 Highest in protein ~38% Also an oil crop – 18-20% Vegetable types known as Edamame Healthy food, among other benefits, contains “lecithin” – an emulsifier or lubricant in foods and pharmaceuticals Currently, candidate for “biofuel” When used in crop rotation, contributes about one lb. nitrogen per bushel produced, to next crop

45. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Also known as “groundnut” Here in FL, most data indicates no response to fertilization Oil content (biofuel!) is ~40% Protein is ~20 US Farmers grow as “quota” crop, or “additionals”

46. Other pulses – 51 + Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) – grows well in hot, humid environments Field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) –prefers cool environments, lots of pests Field peas (Pisum sativum) – grows well under cool temps Lentils (Lens culinaris)

47. Oil crops – 52 + Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), native US  Unlikely to see GMO sunflower in near future  Major restriction in SE – Alternaria Sesame Safflower Canola (Soybeans and peanuts)

48. Sugar crops –53 + Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris)  Biennial  Sugar and feed Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)  Perennial, rattoons  Sugar and ethanol

49. Fiber -54 Cotton, several types (Gossypium hirsutum) is “upland cotton” grown in US Seed contains anti-metabolite Gossypol Probably most tolerant common crop to saline soils (an increasing problem) Historically, more pesticides used than any other crop, per acre

50. Text pages not in quiz The forages, while very important, are not the focus of this course. The forage information starting on page 54, thru 64, will not be on the quizzes or final exam. The following questions from the Self- Evaluation Test are not candidates for quizzes: Items 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, & 25. This info is posted in corridor outside 2196

54. Specific Agronomic Use/3 ! -40 Sugar – crops producing sucrose Drug/Medicinal/Stimulant Biofuel – crops grown to produce fuel, to be used directly or thru conversion to liquid

56. Moving = View, Slide Sorter, Then click and drag.