1. - 1 - - Land Cover Classification, Deforestation Patterns Analysis and Field Survey - Deforestation Patterns Analysis of the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range Won-Kyong SONG*, Dong-Kun LEE 7 th June, 2007 Seoul National University, Korea 27th Annual Conference: International Association for Impact Assessment

2. - 2 - Contents Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Background and Objectives Ⅱ. Scope and Methodology 1. Scope 2. Methods Ⅲ. Results and Discussion 1. Land Cover Classification 2. Temporal Change Analysis 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis 4. Field Survey of Deforestation Regions Ⅳ. Conclusion

3. - 3 - Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION

4. - 4 - 1. Background and Objectives Ⅰ. Introduction  Runs from Mountain Baekdu to mountain Jiri which has been considered as a sentimental foundation of Korea  Symbol of Korean Peninsula  Back bone of Biosphere  Main Axis of Korean Consciousness  Runs from Mountain Baekdu to mountain Jiri which has been considered as a sentimental foundation of Korea  Symbol of Korean Peninsula  Back bone of Biosphere  Main Axis of Korean Consciousness Significance of Baekdudaegan Mountain Range Background

5. - 5 - 1. Background and Objectives Ⅰ. Introduction  Understanding of importance of Baekdudaegan Mountain Region as a sentimental and ecological foundation of Korea  Recently, Increasing deforestation of Baekdudaegan Mountain Region  Considering a broad area of Beakdudaegan Mountain Region and temporal deforestation patterns, we need to analysis the region more widely.  We need to analyze quantitatively about deforestation and sustainable management, using satellite images and quantitative methods. Background No quantitative researches about Baekdudaegan Deforestation areas

6. - 6 - 1. Background and Objectives Ⅰ. Introduction Objectives  Analysis of deforestation areas and spatial patterns of Baekdudaegan Mountain Region  Fundamental study for sustainable management of Baekdudaegan Region  Analysis of deforestation areas and spatial patterns of Baekdudaegan Mountain Region  Fundamental study for sustainable management of Baekdudaegan Region

7. - 7 - Ⅱ. Scope and Methods

8. - 8 - ▌ Study Area Baekdudaegan Preservation Area Length 680km, area 5,341 ㎢ Administrative district : 6 provinces, 12cities, 20 counties ▌ Period of Study The latter half of the 1980’s ~ the first half of the 2000’s (1989, 1998, 2002) 1. Scope Ⅱ. Scope and Methods Study Area and Period BMR Boundary Provincial Park National Park Ecological Boundary

9. - 9 - Landsat 5, 7 TM/ETM+ Land Cover Classification Map Land Cover Classification Map DEM/Digital Map Image Analyst 8.0 ArcGIS 9.0 Image Analyst 8.0 ArcGIS 9.0 Excel 2003 ProgramsData Land Cover Classification (80, 90, 00’s) Temporal Change Analysis Deforestation Patterns Analysis of Baekdudaegan 2. Methods Field Survey Field Survey of Deforestation Areas Flow Chart of This Study Ⅱ. Scope and Methods

10. - 10 - Satellite Imagery Path-RowPlatformTime 115-33 Landsat 5 TM1989/10/09, 1987/04/27 Landsat 5 TM1999/05/30 Landsat 7 ETM+2002/03/11, 2000/09/29 115-34 Landsat 5 TM1987/04/27 Landsat 5 TM1998/10/02, 1998/10/02 Landsat 7 ETM+2002/03/11, 2000/05/08 115-35 Landsat 5 TM1989/10/09, 1986/04/24 Landsat 5 TM1998/10/02 Landsat 7 ETM+2002/03/11, 2001/09/16 115-36 Landsat 5 TM1989/10/09 Landsat 5 TM1998/10/02 Landsat 7 ETM+2002/03/11, 2001/10/02 References Digital Map, Forest Map 2. Methods Land Cover Classification : Data Ⅱ. Scope and Methods

11. - 11 - Using Band 4 Masking Water boundary Band Combination Supervised Classification Unsupervised Classification Result Process 2. Methods Land Cover Classification : Process Ⅱ. Scope and Methods

12. - 12 - 2. Methods Temporal Change Analysis Ⅱ. Scope and Methods

13. - 13 - - Altitude : Divided by each 200m - Slope : Divided by each 10 degrees - Aspect : 8 aspects Topographical Patterns -Distance from Roads : Divided by each 200m -Distance from Stream : Divided by each 200m -Distance from Marugeum (Baekudaegan Ridgeline) : Divided by each 200m Spatial Patterns ▌ Temporal Deforestation Patterns Analysis by Spatial distribution 2. Methods Deforestation Patterns Analysis Ⅱ. Scope and Methods

14. - 14 - 2. Methods Field Survey of Deforestation Areas Ⅱ. Scope and Methods ▌ Field Survey of Representative Deforestation Areas  Purpose - Field Survey of Deforestation Areas - Field Survey of Deforestation Areas - Problems Analysis of Deforestation Areas - Problems Analysis of Deforestation Areas  Sites Selection - The Largest Deforestation Region in the Baekdudaegan - The Largest Deforestation Region in the Baekdudaegan Preservation Area in 10% Preservation Area in 10% - Deforestation Regions : Built_up, Agriculture, Barren, Grass Areas - Deforestation Regions : Built_up, Agriculture, Barren, Grass Areas  Field Survey Schedule - 21 th May, 2004 ~ 23 th May, 2004 - 21 th May, 2004 ~ 23 th May, 2004 - 11 th November, 2004 ~ 13 th November, 2004 - 11 th November, 2004 ~ 13 th November, 2004  Methods - Field survey about land use, land cover and deforestation patterns - Field survey about land use, land cover and deforestation patterns - Interview with residents, taking photographs - Interview with residents, taking photographs

15. - 15 - Ⅲ. Results and Discussion

16. - 16 - Ⅲ. Results 1. Land Cover Classification Land Cover Map 1980 ’ s1990 ’ s2000 ’ s Built_up Agriculture Forest Grass Wetland Barren Water

17. - 17 - Classification 1980’s1990’s2000’s Area ( ㎢ ) Percentage (%) Area ( ㎢ ) Percentage (%) Area ( ㎢ ) Percentage (%) 1Built_up 10.220.1921.400.4031.250.59 2Agriculture 301.115.64246.374.61395.697.41 3Forest 4,965.1492.954,991.9993.454,878.4391.33 4Grass land 47.400.8960.351.1321.440.40 5Wetland 0.120.000.100.00 6Barren 14.410.2716.150.309.910.19 7Water 3.280.065.310.104.950.09 Total 5,341.67100.005,341.67100.005,341.67100.00 Ⅲ. Results 1. Land Cover Classification Land Cover Classification Results

18. - 18 - Ⅲ. Results 2. Temporal Change Analysis Temporal Change Analysis Built_up Agriculture Forest Grass Wetland Barren Water Existing Deforestation Area Forest 90_Built_up 90_Agriculture 90_Grass 90_Barren 80_Built_up 80_Agriculture 80_Grass 80_Barren Existing Deforestation Area Forest 90_Built_up 90_Agriculture 90_Grass 90_Barren 90_Water 80_Built_up 80_Agriculture 80_Grass 80_Barren 80_Water

19. - 19 - Land Cover ChangedChanged Area after 80’sChanged Area after 90’s 80/9090/00 Area ( ㎢ ) Percentage (%) Area ( ㎢ ) Percentage (%) Forest Built_up 8.145.587.523.23 Agriculture 94.9865.09214.8892.22 Grass land 35.5724.387.203.09 Barren 7.224.953.401.46 Total 145.91100.00233.00100.00 Ⅲ. Results Temporal Change Analysis Results 2. Temporal Change Analysis

20. - 20 - ClassCriterion 1980’s1980-1990’s1990-2000’s Built_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotal Altitude ~200m1.9457.265.802.6367.641.4410.494.040.7316.711.8631.221.290.3134.67 200-400m3.52108.2513.735.42130.912.4627.969.901.4541.762.6775.882.220.3381.10 400-600m1.7385.5513.423.35104.051.3925.658.291.6536.981.2054.591.620.4457.85 600-800m2.5431.897.602.0844.111.8414.466.562.0624.920.9326.900.78 29.39 800-1000m0.2910.564.470.6515.970.829.264.290.8515.210.6715.890.340.3017.20 1000m~0.177.682.380.3010.530.207.172.480.4810.330.1910.410.951.2412.80 Total10.19301.1947.4014.43373.228.1494.9835.577.22145.917.52214.887.203.40233.00 Slope(degree) ~107.82193.3315.497.77224.413.9343.3211.682.5461.474.1280.483.400.7188.71 10-201.4174.2313.663.2292.522.3730.9411.962.3347.611.9769.522.251.3475.08 20-300.6625.4510.611.9438.661.2715.117.621.5525.551.0142.381.120.8445.35 30-400.277.276.501.2315.270.464.983.640.679.750.3719.670.370.4220.82 40~0.040.911.140.292.370.110.630.670.131.540.052.820.060.103.04 Total10.19301.1947.4014.43373.228.1494.9835.577.22145.917.52214.887.203.40233.00 Aspect NNE4.5098.677.933.95115.052.4123.566.841.5334.342.5236.701.680.6841.58 NEE1.0029.344.951.4136.701.2813.286.071.1721.801.0729.201.090.7532.12 SEE1.2737.918.352.0549.571.2214.997.201.3024.720.9145.941.340.5948.78 SSE0.9634.009.012.2846.250.8511.495.680.9418.970.6742.171.030.4744.35 SSW0.7137.347.111.8847.050.6710.703.670.7415.790.6929.970.930.3531.94 SWW0.6227.514.031.2433.400.527.752.240.5911.100.5814.690.530.2016.00 NWW0.6221.262.970.9125.750.556.721.760.449.460.568.670.330.219.77 NNW0.5115.163.060.7219.440.656.502.100.499.740.527.540.270.158.47 Total10.19301.1947.4014.43373.228.1494.9835.577.22145.917.52214.887.203.40233.00 Distance From Road ~200m4.7277.127.994.3694.192.1421.695.451.1330.412.5235.531.880.4240.34 200-400m1.3935.814.391.3342.930.9510.163.620.5115.240.7519.850.730.1721.51 400-600m0.6425.353.280.7830.050.687.032.670.5510.920.5015.610.590.2016.91 600-800m0.4819.172.820.6123.080.475.352.040.558.410.3513.260.500.2214.34 800-1000m0.3115.632.490.4718.890.494.541.940.457.420.3711.430.400.1912.39 Total7.54173.0820.967.55209.134.7348.7715.703.2072.394.5095.684.111.21105.50 Distance From Water ~200m4.5070.095.873.8284.291.9218.934.160.8825.902.0026.751.230.2030.17 200-400m1.3633.103.881.2739.610.739.393.090.4213.640.6718.320.550.1019.65 400-600m0.7225.253.380.9330.280.447.332.460.3510.580.5116.200.450.0817.24 600-800m0.5920.693.250.9425.480.416.652.140.379.570.4814.340.490.1115.43 800-1000m0.4718.572.950.7822.770.405.712.110.458.660.3113.500.360.0814.24 Total7.63167.7019.337.75202.423.9048.0113.962.4868.353.9789.113.080.5896.73 Distance From Marugeum ~200m0.145.511.670.567.870.293.631.560.606.070.359.670.270.4710.75 200-400m0.226.441.650.348.640.333.761.240.455.790.348.170.260.379.14 400-600m0.267.171.730.389.550.274.031.240.455.990.247.860.240.318.64 600-800m0.288.361.690.4010.720.333.841.150.355.670.318.240.260.299.11 800-1000m0.249.831.850.3212.240.303.931.380.516.120.259.040.330.279.89 Total1.1337.318.591.9949.021.5119.196.572.3729.631.4942.971.361.7147.53 Ⅲ. Results 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis

21. - 21 - 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis ▌ Deforestation Patterns : Altitude 1980 ’ s1980-1990 ’ s1990-2000 ’ s ClassCriterion 1980’s1980-1990’s1990-2000’s Built_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotal Altitude~200m1.9457.265.802.6367.641.4410.494.040.7316.711.8631.221.290.3134.67 200-400m3.52108.2513.735.42130.912.4627.969.901.4541.762.6775.882.220.3381.10 400-600m1.7385.5513.423.35104.051.3925.658.291.6536.981.2054.591.620.4457.85 600-800m2.5431.897.602.0844.111.8414.466.562.0624.920.9326.900.78 29.39 800-1000m0.2910.564.470.6515.970.829.264.290.8515.210.6715.890.340.3017.20 1000m~0.177.682.380.3010.530.207.172.480.4810.330.1910.410.951.2412.80 Total10.19301.1947.4014.43373.228.1494.9835.577.22145.917.52214.887.203.40233.00 Ⅲ. Results ~ ~ ~

22. - 22 - 1980 ’ s1980-1990 ’ s1990-2000 ’ s ClassCriterion 1980’s1980-1990’s1990-2000’s Built_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotal Slope(degree)~107.82193.3315.497.77224.413.9343.3211.682.5461.474.1280.483.400.7188.71 10-201.4174.2313.663.2292.522.3730.9411.962.3347.611.9769.522.251.3475.08 20-300.6625.4510.611.9438.661.2715.117.621.5525.551.0142.381.120.8445.35 30-400.277.276.501.2315.270.464.983.640.679.750.3719.670.370.4220.82 40~0.040.911.140.292.370.110.630.670.131.540.052.820.060.103.04 Total10.19301.1947.4014.43373.228.1494.9835.577.22145.917.52214.887.203.40233.00 Ⅲ. Results 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis ▌ Deforestation Patterns : Slope

23. - 23 - ClassCriterion 1980’s1980-1990’s1990-2000’s Built_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotal AspectNNE4.5098.677.933.95115.052.4123.566.841.5334.342.5236.701.680.6841.58 NEE1.0029.344.951.4136.701.2813.286.071.1721.801.0729.201.090.7532.12 SEE1.2737.918.352.0549.571.2214.997.201.3024.720.9145.941.340.5948.78 SSE0.9634.009.012.2846.250.8511.495.680.9418.970.6742.171.030.4744.35 SSW0.7137.347.111.8847.050.6710.703.670.7415.790.6929.970.930.3531.94 SWW0.6227.514.031.2433.400.527.752.240.5911.100.5814.690.530.2016.00 NWW0.6221.262.970.9125.750.556.721.760.449.460.568.670.330.219.77 NNW0.5115.163.060.7219.440.656.502.100.499.740.527.540.270.158.47 Total10.19301.1947.4014.43373.228.1494.9835.577.22145.917.52214.887.203.40233.00 Ⅲ. Results 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis ▌ Deforestation Patterns : Aspect 1980 ’ s1980-1990 ’ s1990-2000 ’ s NNE NEE SEE SSE SSW SWW NSS NNS

24. - 24 - ClassCriterion 1980’s1980-1990’s1990-2000’s Built_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotal Distance From Road~200m4.7277.127.994.3694.192.1421.695.451.1330.412.5235.531.880.4240.34 200-400m1.3935.814.391.3342.930.9510.163.620.5115.240.7519.850.730.1721.51 400-600m0.6425.353.280.7830.050.687.032.670.5510.920.5015.610.590.2016.91 600-800m0.4819.172.820.6123.080.475.352.040.558.410.3513.260.500.2214.34 800-1000m0.3115.632.490.4718.890.494.541.940.457.420.3711.430.400.1912.39 Total7.54173.0820.967.55209.134.7348.7715.703.2072.394.5095.684.111.21105.50 Ⅲ. Results 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis ▌ Deforestation Patterns : Distance from Road 1980 ’ s1980-1990 ’ s1990-2000 ’ s

25. - 25 - ClassCriterion 1980’s1980-1990’s1990-2000’s Built_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotal Distance From Water ~200m4.5070.095.873.8284.291.9218.934.160.8825.902.0026.751.230.2030.17 200-400m1.3633.103.881.2739.610.739.393.090.4213.640.6718.320.550.1019.65 400-600m0.7225.253.380.9330.280.447.332.460.3510.580.5116.200.450.0817.24 600-800m0.5920.693.250.9425.480.416.652.140.379.570.4814.340.490.1115.43 800-1000m0.4718.572.950.7822.770.405.712.110.458.660.3113.500.360.0814.24 Total7.63167.7019.337.75202.423.9048.0113.962.4868.353.9789.113.080.5896.73 Ⅲ. Results 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis ▌ Deforestation Patterns : Distance from Water 1980 ’ s1980-1990 ’ s1990-2000 ’ s

26. - 26 - ClassCriterion 1980’s1980-1990’s1990-2000’s Built_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotalBuilt_upAgricultureGrassBarrenTotal Distance From Marugeum ~200m0.145.511.670.567.870.293.631.560.606.070.359.670.270.4710.75 200-400m0.226.441.650.348.640.333.761.240.455.790.348.170.260.379.14 400-600m0.267.171.730.389.550.274.031.240.455.990.247.860.240.318.64 600-800m0.288.361.690.4010.720.333.841.150.355.670.318.240.260.299.11 800-1000m0.249.831.850.3212.240.303.931.380.516.120.259.040.330.279.89 Total1.1337.318.591.9949.021.5119.196.572.3729.631.4942.971.361.7147.53 Ⅲ. Results 3. Deforestation Patterns Analysis ▌ Deforestation Patterns : Distance from Marugeum 1980 ’ s1980-1990 ’ s1990-2000 ’ s

27. - 27 - Field Survey Sites and Deforestation Types Ⅲ. Results 4. Field Survey

28. - 28 - 4. Field Survey Ⅲ. Results Built-up  Built-up areas are composed of existing rural towns and roads, collective service-facilities areas.  Built-up areas have serious problems of forest discontinuation with point, line, and surface forms.  There are increasing crop fields and orchards close by built-up areas, especially hill areas deforestation is being aggravated.

29. - 29 - 4. Field Survey Ⅲ. Results Agricultural Area  Agriculture areas are composed of existing fields close by rural town and highland vegetable growers.  There are increasing small-scale cultivation, vegetable garden and orchards close by rural town.  Highland fields are increasing in Gangwon-do and KyungSangbuk-do by agricultural policy of local self-government.  In Highland fields, the use of pesticides and fertilizers has been increased to maintain soil fertility and improve crop productivity.

30. - 30 - 4. Field Survey Ⅲ. Results Grassland  Grassland areas are composed of pastures, natural grasslands and lands in fallow, cemetery parks et al.  Pasture areas show the largest deforestation patterns in Baekdudaegan Conservation Region.

31. - 31 - 4. Field Survey Ⅲ. Results Bare Land  Bare land areas are composed of mining districts, campsites, slopes of road and facilities.  The most serious deforestation form is bared areas by mining and slopes  Slopes of roads are serious problem causing continuous soil erosion, topographic changes, and discontinuity of forest habitats.

32. - 32 - Ⅳ. Conclusion

33. - 33 - Conclusion Ⅳ. Conclusion  The land use types in the Baekdudaegan Preservation Region were largely classified into urbanized/built-up area (residential, industrial, commercial, recreational, and public facility areas) including transportation area (expressways, national highways, and trails), agricultural area (rice paddies, agricultural fields, orchards, and so on), and bare land (mining areas).  The Results show deforestation areas are gradually increasing after 1980’s by detection methods of remote sensing and land cover classification.  The deforestation areas after 1990’s are larger than the deforestation areas after 1980’s, especially agricultural and built-up areas are relatively more accelerative deforesting.

34. - 34 - Conclusion Ⅳ. Conclusion  The largest deforestation area in the Baekdudaegan was found in where elevation is rower than 400m, slope below 20 degree, the areas less than 200m from roads and streams, and the deforestation areas located in more serous areas after 1980’s.  The central and local governments should take the proactive initiative to restore the deforested area in a long-term gradual manner by operating both institutional and policy-level strategies.

35. - 35 - Thank you for attention