1. Global Lambda Exchanges Dr. Thomas A. DeFanti Distinguished Professor of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago Director, Electronic Visualization Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago Principal Investigator, TransLight/StarLight Research Scientist, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology, University of California, San Diego

2. Electronic Visualization Laboratory 33 Years of Computer Science and Art EVL established in 1973 Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown, Dan Sandin, Jason Leigh Students in CS, ECE, Art+Design >1/3 century of collaboration with artists and scientists to apply new computer science techniques to these disciplines Computer Science+ Art Computer Graphics, Visualization, VR Supercomputing+Networking Lambda Grids Research in: –Advanced display systems –Visualization and virtual reality –Advanced networking –Collaboration and human computer interaction Funding mainly NSF, ONR, NIH. Also: (NTT), General Motors

3. STAR TAP and StarLight NSF-funded support of STAR TAP (1997-2000) and STAR TAP2/ StarLight (2000-2005), and the High Performance International Internet Services program (Euro-Link, TransPAC, MIRnet and AMPATH).

4. StarLight: A 1 Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Exchange Abbott Hall, Northwestern Universitys Chicago downtown campus StarLight hosts optical switching, electronic switching and electronic routing for United States national and international Research and Education networks StarLight opened in 2001

5. iGrid 1998 at SC98 November 7-13, 1998, Orlando, Florida, USA 10 countries: Australia, Canada, CERN, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, USA 22 demonstrations featured technical innovations and application advancements requiring high-speed networks, with emphasis on remote instrumentation control, tele-immersion, real-time client server systems, multimedia, tele-teaching, digital video, distributed computing, and high-throughput, high- priority data transfers. See: www.startap.net/igrid98 www.startap.net/igrid98

6. iGrid 2000 at INET 2000 July 18-21, 2000, Yokohama, Japan 14 countries: Canada, CERN, Germany, Greece, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, United Kingdom, USA 24 demonstrations featuring technical innovations in tele-immersion, large datasets, distributed computing, remote instrumentation, collaboration, streaming media, human/computer interfaces, digital video and high-definition television, and grid architecture development, and application advancements in science, engineering, cultural heritage, distance education, media communications, and art and architecture. See: www.startap.net/igrid2000 www.startap.net/igrid2000 100Mb transpacific bandwidth carefully managed

7. 28 demonstrations from 16 countries: Australia, Canada, CERN/Switzerland, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the USA. Applications demonstrated: art, bioinformatics, chemistry, cosmology, cultural heritage, education, high-definition media streaming, manufacturing, medicine, neuroscience, physics. See: www.startap.net/igrid2002 www.startap.net/igrid2002 Grid technologies demonstrated: Major emphasis on grid middleware, data management grids, data replication grids, visualization grids, data/visualization grids, computational grids, access grids, grid portals 25Gb transatlantic bandwidth (100Mb/attendee, 250x iGrid2000!) iGrid 2002 September 24-26, 2002, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

8. iGrid 2005 September 26-30, 2005, San Diego, California Networking enabled by the Global Lambda Integrated Facility (GLIF) the international virtual organization creating a global LambdaGrid laboratory More than 150Gb GLIF transoceanic bandwidth alone; 100Gb of bandwidth into the Calit2 building on the UCSD campus! 49 demonstrations showcasing global experiments in e-Science and next- generation shared open-source LambdaGrid services 20 countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, CERN, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, USA. See: www.startap.net/igrid2005 www.startap.net/igrid2005

9. iGrid 2005: Demonstrating Emerging LambdaGrid Services Data Transport High-Definition Video & Digital Cinema Streaming Distributed High-Performance Computing Lambda Control Lambda Security Scientific Instruments Visualization and Virtual Reality e- Science Source: Maxine Brown, EVL UIC

10. iGrid2005 Data Flows Multiplied Normal Flows by Five Fold! Data Flows Through the Seattle PacificWave International Switch

11. CENIC 2006 Innovations in Networking Award for iGrid 2005 CENIC is the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California Tom DeFanti Maxine Brown Larry Smarr www.igrid2005.org www.cenic.org

12. StarLight and TransLight Partners 2006 Joe Mambretti, Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown Alan Verlo, Linda Winkler

13. Why Photonics? Many of the highest performance e-science applications involve national and international collaboration. This was the purpose of StarTAP (ATM) and StarLight (GE and 10GE). The next generation networking infrastructure must interoperate globally! Colleagues in Japan (such as Aoyama-sensei and Murai-sensei, colleagues at the University of Tokyo, Keio, and NTT Labs) and in America, Canada, Netherlands, Korea, China, UK, Czech Republic and elsewhere, agreed in 2003 to form a loose global initiative to create a global photonic network testbed for the common good. We call this GLIF, the Global Lambda Integrated Facility.

14. Some Applications that Need Photonics Interactive collaboration using video (SD, HD, SHD) and/or VR –Low latency streaming (real-time use) –High data rates –Lossy protocols OK –Multi-channel, multi-cast Biomedical Imaging –Very high resolution 2D (tens to hundreds of megapixels) –Volume visualizations (billions of zones in 3D) Geoscience Imaging –Very high resolution 2D (tens to hundreds of megapixels) –Volume visualizations (billions of zones in 3D) Digital cinema –Large data sets –Security Metagenomics –Large computing –Large data sets

15. High-Resolution Media Users Need Multi-Gb/s Networks e-Science 2D images with hundreds of Mega-pixels –Microscopes and telescopes –Remote sensing satellites and aerial photography –Multi-spectral, not just visible light, so 32 bits/pixel or more GigaZone 3-D objects with billions of volume elements –Supercomputer simulations –Seismic imaging for earthquake R&D and energy exploration –Medical imaging for diagnosis and R&D –Zones are often multi-valued (taking dozens of bytes each) Digital Cinema uses 250Mb/s for theatrical distribution, but up to 14Gb/s for post-production Interactive analysis and visualization of such data objects is impossible today Focus of the GLIF: deploy new system architectures ASSUMING photonic network availability

16. UC San Diego California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2) New Laboratory Facilities –Nanotech, BioMEMS, Chips, Radio, Photonics, Grid, Data, Applications –Virtual Reality, Digital Cinema, HDTV, Synthesis Over 1000 Researchers in Two Buildings –Linked via Dedicated Optical Networks –International Conferences and Testbeds UC Irvine www.calit2.net Preparing for an World in Which Distance Has Been Eliminated…

17. The OptIPuter Project Removing Bandwidth as an Obstacle In Data Intensive Sciences An NSF-funded project that focuses on developing technology to enable the real-time collaboration and visualization of very-large time-varying volumetric datasets for the Earth sciences and the biosciences OptIPuter is examining a new model of computing whereby ultra-high-speed networks form the backplane of a global computer NSF EarthScope and ORION siovizcenter.ucsd.edu/library/gallery/shoot1/index.shtml NIH Biomedical Informatics http://ncmir.ucsd.edu/gallery.html Research Network www.optiputer.net

18. The OptIPuter Tiled Displays and Lambda Grid Enable Persistent Collaboration Spaces Hardware installations assembled at each site Unified software at each site (Rocks Viz Roll w/ stable integration of SAGE) Refined TeraVision for Streaming HDTV (video conferencing and microscope outputs) Controls for launching images from application portals Goal: Use these systems for conducting collaborative experiments www.optiputer.net

19. Biomedical Imaging JuxtaView showing ~600 megapixel montage dataset from Amsterdam HDTV stream from a light microscope at NCMIR HDTV camera feed shows the conference room at NCMIR Volume rendering with Vol-a-Tile in Chicago 4K x 4K Digital images from NCMIR IVEM HDTV video stream from UHVEM in Osaka, Japan. Source: Steven T. Peltier

20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 56 UHVEM HDTV Osaka, Japan Active investigation of a biological specimen during UHVEM using multiple microscopies, data sources, and collaboration technologies Collaboration Technologies and Remote Microscope Control Light Microscopy Montage Regions of Interest Time Lapse Movies Multi-scale Correlated Microscopy Experiment Source: Steven T. Peltier

21. iGrid 2005 Lambda Control Services Transform Batch Process to Real-Time Global e-VLBI Real-Time VLBI (Very Long Baseline Inferometry) Radio Telescope Data Correlation Radio Telescopes Collecting Data are Located Around the World Optical Connections Dynamically Managed Using the DRAGON Control Plane and Internet2 HOPI Network Achieved 512Mbps Transfers from USA and Sweden to MIT Results Streamed to iGrid2005 in San Diego Will be expanded to Japan, Australia, other European locations Source: Jerry Sobieski, DRAGON

22. Photonic Networks for Genomics PI: Larry Smarr

23. Marine Genome Sequencing Project Measuring the Genetic Diversity of Ocean Microbes CAMERA will include All Sorcerer II Metagenomic Data

24. Calit2 and the Venter Institute Combine Telepresence with Remote Interactive Analysis OptIPuter Visualized Data HDTV Over Lambda Live Demonstration of 21st Century National-Scale Team Science 25 Miles Venter Institute Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland

25. Flat File Server Farm W E B PORTAL Traditional User Response Request Dedicated Compute Farm (100s of CPUs) TeraGrid: Cyberinfrastructure Backplane (scheduled activities like all by all comparison) (10000s of CPUs) Web (other service) Local Cluster Local Environment Direct Access Lambda Cnxns Data- Base Farm 10 GigE Fabric CAMERA Metagenomics Server Calit2s Direct Access Core Architecture Source: Phil Papadopoulos, SDSC, Calit2 + Web Services Sargasso Sea Data Sorcerer II Expedition (GOS) JGI Community Sequencing Project Moore Marine Microbial Project NASA Goddard Satellite Data Community Microbial Metagenomics Data

26. Video over IP Experiments DV = 25Mbps as an I-frame codec with relatively low latency. WIDE has demoed this repeatedly, see www.sfc.wide.ad.jp/DVTS/www.sfc.wide.ad.jp/DVTS/ HDV prosumer HD camcorders using either 18 or 25Mbps MPEG2 Long GOP. High latency if using native codec. However, its possible to use just the camera and do encoding externally to implement different bit rate (higher or lower) and different latency (lower or higher) WIDE did demos of uncompressed SD DTV at iGrid 2000 @ 270 Mbps over IPv6 from Osaka to Yokohama UW did multi-point HD teleconference over IP uncompressed at 1.5 Gbps at iGrid 2005 and SC05 http://www.researchchannel.org/news/press/sco5_demo.asphttp://www.researchchannel.org/news/press/sco5_demo.asp CalViz installed at Calit2 January 2006 uses HDV with MPEG2 at 25 Mbps for remote presentations at conferences NTTs iVISTO system capable of multi-stream HD over IP uncompressed at 1.5 Gbps with extremely low latency At iGrid 2005, demo by Keio, NTT Labs and UCSD in USA sent 4K over IP using JPEG 2000 at 400 Mbps, with back-channel of HDTV using MPEG2 I-frame at 50 mbps. Next challenge is bi-directional 4K and multi-point HD with low-latency compression.

27. CalViz--25Mb/s HDV Streaming Internationally Studio on 4 th Floor of Calit2@UCSD Building Two Talks to Australia in March 2006 Source: Harry Ammons

28. Calit2UCSD Digital Cinema Theater 200 Seats, 8.2 Sound, Sony SRX-R110, SGI Prism w/21TB, 10GE to Computers/Data

29. Tokyo Keio/DMC Seattle Chicago San Diego UCSD/Calit2 Abilene JGN II PNWGP Pacific Wave CENIC CAVEwave StarLight Otemachi CineGrid International Real-time Streaming 4K Digital Cinema at iGrid 2005 GEMnet2/NTT Image Format 3840x2160 YPbPr 422 24 or 29.97 frame/sec Audio Format 2ch or 5.1ch.WAV 24 bit/48 KHz

30. iGrid 2005 International Real-Time Streaming 4K Digital Cinema ~500Mb/s UCSD/Calit2 Sony HDTV Camera Gigabit IP Network Gigabit IP Network NTT J2K CODEC NTT J2K CODEC Olympus 4k Cameras TOPPAN CLUSTER NTT J2K CODEC Mitsubishi Electric Server HD-SDI Switch NTT J2K Server KEIO/DMC Gigabit IP Network Gigabit IP Network SGI PRISM + RM-660 NTT Flexcast SHD LCD Sony SXRD 4K Projector NTT Flexcast NTT Electronics MPEG 2 CODEC Sony 30 Plasma HDTV NTT Electronics MPEG 2 CODEC GigE Gigabit IP Network Gigabit IP Network Gigabit IP Network Gigabit IP Network

31. 4K Telepresence over IP at iGrid 2005 Lays Technical Basis for Global Digital Cinema Keio University President Anzai UCSD Chancellor Fox

32. Calit2 is Partnering with CENIC to Connect Digital Media Researchers Into CineGrid Calit2 UCI USC SFSU UCB In addition, 1Gb and 10Gb Connections to: Seattle, Asia, Australia, New Zealand Chicago, Europe, Russia, China Tijuana CineGrid will Link UCSD/Calit2 and USC School of Cinema TV with Keio Research Institute for Digital Media and Content Extended SoCal OptIPuter to USC School of Cinema- Television Calit2 UCSD Prototype of CineGrid Digital Archive of Films Partnering with SFSUs Institute for Next Generation Internet Laurin Herr, Pacific Interface Project Leader

33. GLIF = Global Lambda Integrated Facility www.glif.is A worldwide laboratory for application and middleware development Networks of interconnected optical wavelengths (also known as lambda grids). Takes advantage of the cost and capacity advantages offered by optical multiplexing Supports powerful distributed systems that utilize processing power, storage, and instrumentation at various sites around the globe. Aim is to encourage the shared used of resources by eliminating a lack of network capacity as the traditional performance bottleneck

34. GLIFthe Global Lambda Integrated Facility

35. GLIF Uses Lambdas Lambdas are dedicated high-capacity circuits over optical wavelengths A lightpath is a communications channel (virtual circuit) established over lambdas, that connects two end-points in the network. Lightpaths can take-up some or all of the capacity of individual GLIF lambdas, or indeed can be concatenated across several lambdas. Lightpaths can be established using different protocol mechanisms, depending on the application. –Layer 1 –Layer 2 –Layer 3 –Many in GLIF community are finding advantage to implement a lightpath as a 1 or 10 Gigabit Ethernet, so the virtual circuit acts as a virtual local area network, or VLAN. GLIF relies on a number of lambdas contributed by the GLIF participants who own or lease them

36. GLIF Participants The GLIF participants are organizations that –share the vision of optical interconnection of different facilities –voluntarily contribute network resources (equipment and/or lambdas) –and/or actively participate in activities in furtherance of these goals Seamless end-to-end connections require a high degree of interoperability between different transmission, interface and service implementations, and also require harmonization of contracting and fault management processes The GLIF Technical and Control Plane Working Groups are technical forums for addressing these operational issuesTechnicalControl Plane The network resources that make-up GLIF are provided by independent network operators who collaborate to provide end-to-end lightpaths across their respective optical domains GLIF does not provide any network services itself, so research users need to approach an appropriate GLIF network resource provider to obtain lightpath services GLIF participants meet at least once per year –2003 - Reykjavik, Iceland –2004 - Nottingham, UK –2005 - San Diego, US –2006 - Tokyo, Japan

37. GOLE = Global Open Lambda Exchange GLIF is interconnected through a series of exchange points known as GOLEs (pronounced goals). GOLE is short for Global Open Lambda Exchange GOLEs are usually operated by GLIF participants, and are comprised of equipment that is capable of terminating lambdas and performing lightpath switching. At GOLEs, different lambdas can be connected together, and end-to-end lightpaths established over them. Normally GOLEs must interconnect at least two autonomous optical domains in order to be designated as such.

38. GOLEs and Lambdas www.glif.is/resources/ CANARIE-StarLight - ChicagoCANARIE-StarLight CANARIE-PNWGP - SeattleCANARIE-PNWGP CERN - GenevaCERN KRLight - SeoulKRLight MAN LAN - New YorkMAN LAN NetherLight - AmsterdamNetherLight NorthernLight - StockholmNorthernLight Pacific Northwest GigaPoP - SeattlePacific Northwest GigaPoP StarLight - ChicagoStarLight T-LEX - TokyoT-LEX UKLight - LondonUKLight UltraLight - Los AngelesUltraLight

39. Linked GOLEs For GLIF - October 2005

40. Linked GOLEs For GLIF October 2005

41. Linked GOLEs For GLIF

42. Linked GOLEs For GLIF - October 2005

44. Conclusion - GLIF and GOLE for 21st Century Applications need deterministic networks: –Known and knowable bandwidth –Known and knowable latency –Scheduling of entire 10G lighpaths when necessary iGrid2005 proved that the technologies for GLIF work (with great effort) GLIF partner activities are training the next generation of network engineers GLIF partners are building new GOLEs GLIF researchers are now implementing automation (e.g., UCLP) Scalability at every layer remains the challenge!

45. Special iGrid 2005 FGCS Issue Coming Summer 2006! Special iGrid 2005 issue 25 Refereed Papers! Future Generation Computer Systems/ The International Journal of Grid Computing: Theory, Methods and Applications, Elsevier, B.V. Guest Editors Larry Smarr, Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown, Cees de Laat Volume 19, Number 6, August 2003 Special Issue on iGrid 2002

46. Thank You! Our planning, research, and education efforts are made possible, in major part, by funding from: –US National Science Foundation (NSF) awards ANI-0225642, EIA- 0115809, and SCI-0441094 –State of Illinois I-WIRE Program, and major UIC cost sharing –State of California, UCSD Calit2 –Many corporate friends and partners –Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Argonne National Laboratory and Northwestern University for StarLight and I-WIRE networking and management Laurin Herr and Maxine Brown for content and editing

47. For More Information www.glif.is www.startap.net www.evl.uic.edu www.calit2.edu www.igrid2005.org