2. Outline BB rain Anatomy SS tructures and functions DD isorders caused by lesions CC omparative Anatomy BB rain Function CC ells in the brain HH ow brain cells communicate DD rugs on the Brain MM echanisms of action DD rug addiction

3. Or Lateral Sulcus Structural Anatomy

4. Functional Anatomy Executiv e Function Functional Areas of the Brain

5. Language WERNICKES AREA: LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION BROCA’S AREA: LANGUAGE PRODUCTION

6. Wernicke’s Aphasia

7. Broca’s Aphasia

8. Two Interconnected Hemispheres

9. Split-Brain Phenomenon

10. Internal Structures of the Brain

12. VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

13. Comparative Anatomy: Structure = Function Brain structure tells us a lot about how smart an organism is, how it interacts with the world, etc.

14. RAT BRAIN

15. CAT BRAIN

16. PIG BRAIN

17. MONKEY BRAIN

18. Neurons: Cellular Communicators DENDRITES NUCLEUS CELL BODY AXON MYELIN SHEATH AXON TERMINALS

19.  Electrical Signal  Action Potential  Chemical Signal  Neurotransmitter Release  Receptor Binding Neurons: Cellular Communicators

20. Neurons Form Networks

21. Action Potential

22. Drugs of Abuse How do drugs like nicotine and alcohol affect the brain? Why do these drugs produce a “high” while other drugs that act on the brain (such as asprin) don’t have this effect?

23. Drugs Hijack Brain Pathways (endogenous vs exogenous ligands)

24. Example: Dopamine Reward Pathway

25. Cocaine Increases “Reward” Signal

26. Mechanisms (Simplified) http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction /drugs/mouse.html

27. What is tolerance?  Tolerance occurs when you are abusing a substance/drug and over time your sensitivity to that substance decreases.  Higher quantities of the substance/drug must be consumed in order to achieve the same effects as before.  For example, a person has to drink more alcohol to reach a “buzz” than when he/she started drinking for the first time.

28. What is physical dependence?  Dependent upon a substance/drug to have normal function.  Develop negative withdrawal symptoms when the substance/drug is no longer on board.  Withdrawal symptoms are basically the opposite of the drug effects  Withdrawal from stimulants: depression, lethargy  Withdrawal from depressants: anxiety, sleeplessness

29. What is a standard drink?

30. What is Moderate Drinking? WomenMen Moderate Drinking (“Low Risk”) Per Day 3 or less4 or less Moderate Drinking (“Low Risk”) Per Week No more than 7 drinks No more than 14 drinks  Heavy drinking would be considered consuming more than the daily amount or weekly amount listed in the table.

31. Alcohol Effects: Chronic Use Normal “Happy” Brain

32. Your brain wants to compensate Alcohol on the Brain

33. Your brain wants to compensate Alcohol Withdrawal

34. What is considered a binge?  Binge drinking is consuming so much alcohol that your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reaches 0.08g/dl or higher within 2 hours.  For women: 4 drinks or more within 2 hours  For men: 5 drinks or more within 2 hours

35. Withdrawal symptoms increase in severity after multiple relapses

37. Alcoholism can cause loss of brain matter over time

38. Impaired Brain Activity in Alcohol Dependence

39. Questions?