1. Artificial States of Consciousness
Psychoactive Drugs, Hypnosis, & Meditation

2. Hypnosis ---Posthypnotic amnesia ---Posthypnotic suggestions
Hypermnesia

3. What are the techniques used in hypnosis? What is meditation?
Essential Questions
What is hypnosis?
What are the techniques used in hypnosis?
What is meditation?

4. Hypnosis

5. Hypnosis
social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state

6. Hypnosis State of awareness Highly focused attention
Increased responsiveness to suggestion
Vivid imagery
Willingness to accept distortions of logic
Alteration of sensation and perception

7. Techniques Eye fixation Progressive relaxation and imagery
Click on 6CbyI

8. Components of Hypnosis

9. Hypnotic Suggestibility
related to subject’s openness to suggestion
ability to focus attention inwardly
ability to become imaginatively absorbed

10. Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

11. Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

12. Hypermnesia
The supposed enhancement of a person’s memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion

13. Possible effects of hypnosis?
Recall forgotten events?
Age regression therapy (the ability to re-live childhood memories)…effective?
Alleviate pain?
Dissociation = split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

14. Possible effects of hypnosis?
Reduce pain
Reduce stress
Improve concentration and motivation
Modify behavior in eating disorders
Suppress the gag reflex (dentist)
Eliminate recurring nightmares
….much more!

15. Do you think you can be hypnotized?
Let’s answer the questionnaire – can you be hypnotized 

16. Do you think you can be hypnotized?
Imagine you are holding in your hand a lemon. A bright yellow lemon with shiny, puckered skin.
Now imagine bring the lemon up to your mouth and bite right down into it, sucking in all the juices….

17. Hypnosis? Can you be hypnotized against your will?
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
Awareness
Morals, religion , self-preservation
But keep in mind: an authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people, hypnotized or not, to perform some unlikely acts

18. Check for understanding…
3. How can altering your state of conscious be positive? 4. How can it be negative? 5. How could meditation or hypnosis be useful in your life? Be specific.

19. Let’s watch some fun with hypnosis
This may or may not be for real…. It is funny non- the –less U

20. Meditation

21. How to meditate Let’s watch a how to video on how to meditate

22. Lowered physiological arousal Predominance of alpha brain waves
Meditation
Sustained concentration techniques that focuses attention and heightens awareness
Lowered physiological arousal
Predominance of alpha brain waves

23. Meditation
All forms of meditation have the goal of controlling or retraining attention
Two forms:
Concentration techniques:
Mantra (focus)
Opening-Up/Mindfulness techniques:
Quiet awareness of the here and now

24. Check for understanding
1. What are the goals for each of these techniques? Compare and contrast. 2. How do these techniques affect our consciousness?

25. Psychoactive Drugs

26. Essential Questions How do psychoactive drugs affect consciousness?
How are drugs classified?
How does culture and our environment influence drug use?

27. Drug-Altered Consciousness
Psychoactive Drugs- change moods and perceptions

28. Physical dependence Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms Drug rebound effect
Common Properties
Physical dependence
Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms
Drug rebound effect

29. Drug Abuse / Substance Abuse
Recurrent substance use that results in disruption of academic, social or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems

30. Addiction
the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma.

31. Addiction Examples Drugs Sex Gambling Eating Alcohol Tobacco
Pornography
Exercising

32. Psychoactive Drugs Common Properties: Physical dependence Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms
Drug rebound effect

33. Physical Dependence
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms

34. Tolerance
Increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect
Examples?

35. Drug Drug dose Big Response to first exposure After repeated
Small
Large
Drug dose
Little
effect
Big
Drug
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect

36. Withdrawal Symptoms
Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings
Occur when abstaining from a drug when physically dependent

37. Rebound Effects Withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drugs action
backfires
Examples?

39. How do we categorize drugs?
Depressants - inhibit brain activity, slow body function
Opiates – chemically similar to morphine, pain relief and euphoria, mimic the brain’s endorphins
Stimulants - increase brain activity, speed up body function, produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy
Psychedelics - distort sensory perceptions

40. Psychoactive Drugs - Summary
Depressants—inhibit brain activity
Opiates—pain relief and euphoria
Stimulants—increase brain activity
Psychedelics—distort sensory perceptions

41. Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity Slow body function
Barbiturates- sedation meds
Tranquilizers - Valium

42. Alcohol—CNS depressant Barbiturates—induce sleep
What they do
Alcohol—CNS depressant
Barbiturates—induce sleep
Tranquilizers—relieve anxiety

43. Alcohol- widely used, abuse common
Alcohol - Depressant
Alcohol- widely used, abuse common
Why people take – initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition
Problems – depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

44. DiscPsy p.153

45. Video on Alcohol

46. Opiates Mimic the brain’s endorphins Heroin, methadone
Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties
Mimic the brain’s endorphins
Heroin, methadone
Percodan, Demerol

47. Pain Killers/Opiates
Opiates- mostly illegal, produce euphoria alters the brains reaction to pain
Mimics endorphins

48. Heroin – most frequently abused opiates
Heroin - Opiates
Heroin – most frequently abused opiates
Why people take – Rush of euphoria, relief from pain
Problems – depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

49. Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Cocaine
Stimulant induced psychosis

50. drugs that excite neural activity speed up body function
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body function
produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy, arouse behavior, and increase mental awareness; stimulates the cerebral cortex

51. Caffeine- widely used, addictive
Caffeine - Stimulant
Caffeine- widely used, addictive
Why people take – increased alertness and wakefulness
Problems – Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal

52. Nicotine- widely used, addictive
Nicotine - Stimulant
Nicotine- widely used, addictive
Why people take – arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being
Problems – heart disease, cancer, respiratory problems

53. Methamphetamine - Stimulant
Meth- addictive
Why people take – Euphoria, alertness, energy
Problems – irritablity, insomnia, hypertension, seizures

54. Video
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55. Meth Mouth – Constant use leads to this

56. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4FVLFZqrU M

57. This good news is your father stopped smoking. The bad news, however…”

58. Cocaine- widely used, addictive
Cocaine - Stimulant
Cocaine- widely used, addictive
Why people take – Rush of Euphoria, confidence, energy
Problems – cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

59. IE. Cocaine
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine (pleasure), norepinephrine (energy), and serotonin (arousal), so the feelings generated by those neurotransmitters intensifies as they linger in the synapse longer

60. Create perceptual distortions Mescaline LSD Marijuana
Psychedelics
Create perceptual distortions
Mescaline
LSD
Marijuana
Flashback reactions and psychotic episodes

61. Psychedelics/Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD- psychotic state similarity
Marijuana- cannabis plant, THC similar to LSD
Mescaline
Peyote

62. Marijuana - hallucinogen
Marijuana- most abused
Why people take – enhanced sensation, pain relief, distortion of time, relaxation
Problems – lowered sex hormones, memory, lung damage from smoke

63. Why is marijuana considered a hallucinogen?
It relaxes, disinhibits, and may cause a euphoric high like alcohol, but it may also amplify sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells

64. Ecstasy (MDMA)—feelings of euphoria, increased well-being
“Club” Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA)—feelings of euphoria, increased well-being
Side effects—dehydration, hyperthermia, tremor, rapid heartbeat
Dissociative anesthetics—include PCP and Ketamine; deaden pain, produce stupor or coma, may induce hallucinations

66. Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ
relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology,
pain agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and
wakefulness insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia,
phetamine hypertension, seizures
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress,
energy suspiciousness,
depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from of well-being tars)
Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke

67. Do I Have a Drug Problem?
Dependence = exhibiting 3 of the following 7 symptoms over a 12-month period of time:
Developing tolerance
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop
Using a substance for a longer period, or in greater quantities, than originally intended
Making repeated attempts to stop or cut- back on drug usage

68. Do I have a drug problem?
Devoting a great deal of time attempting to obtain or use a substance
Giving up or reducing social, occupational, or recreational activities as a result of drug use
Continuing to use a substance even after negative physical or psychological effects have occurred, or will continue to occur with usage

69. Before drug use
After drug use

70. Before drug use
After drug use

71. Before drug use
After drug use

72. Before drug use
After drug use