1. Lecture # 13
The Shoulder Complex

2. The Shoulder Complex
the loose structure of the shoulder complex allows extreme mobility but provides little stability
as a result the shoulder is prone to injury and is involved in 8 t0 13 % of all sports related injuries

3. shoulder injuries are a major concern in all sports involving overhead activities , ie basketball, volleyball, baseball etc.
these activities place significant demands on the shoulder and may lead to acute or chronic injuries

6. Bony Structures and Articulations
1) Acromiociavicular – acromion process and distal end of clavicle – limited ROM
2) Sternociavicular – superior sternum and proximal end of clavicle - rotation
3) Glenohumeral – glenoid fossa ( of scapula) and the head of the humerous – extensive ROM but poor stability

7. glenoid fossa is deepened by the glenoid labrum – a narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the fossa
ligaments surround joint but are lax and provide little stability
SITS or rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

8. Range of Motion in the Shoulder Complex
flexion, extension - abduction, adduction
horizontal abduction , horizontal adduction
plus elevation/depression , protraction/ retraction

9. Common Injuries to the Shoulder

11. Shoulder Dislocation/Subluxation
2nd to fingers for dislocations
90% anterior dislocation
70% develop traumatic recurrent dislocation

12. intense pain, tingling and numbness may extend down the arm into the hand
injured arm is often held in slight abduction and external rotated and is usually stabilized by the opposite arm
a pulse should be taken to assess circulation as well sensations should be tested
management – first time requires reduction by a physician because this may be associated with a fracture or labrum tear and or nerve damage..

13. 3-6 weeks immobilization
recurrent dislocations – individual may be able to reduce it their self or with aid of therapist
strengthening important factor – but recurrent dislocations usually result in surgical intervention

15. First Aid Care Immediately apply ice, front and back of gh joint
If possible put arm in a sling , or support gh joint with a wrap or shirt ( needs support)
Immediate referral to medical centre
Treat for shock

16. AC Sprain aka - shoulder separation
the AC joint is weak and easily injured with a direct blow or a fall on the point of the shoulder and occasional from a fall on the outstretched arm
Very Common in sports
swelling and loss of function are present depending on the degree off injury

17. with a 2nd to 3rd degree there may be a step deformity – in which the clavicle rides above the scapula
Localized pain at AC joint with tenderness
pain with movement through most ranges – but especially with horizontal adduction
Rx – PIER – NSAIDS, immobilization if necessary, ROM exercise and strengthening

20. First Aid Care Immediately apply ice on top of AC joint
Support with a sling (and swath )
Have athlete rest
If needed refer to physician or hospital for xrays .

21. Stenoclavicular Sprain
extremely rare, but usually associated with collision sport or falls directly on point of shoulder
point tenderness at the SC joint , swelling and pain with horizontal adduction
pain with lateral compression of the shoulders
Rx – PEIR – immobilization if necessary

23. Impingement of Supraspinatus Tendon, lnfraspinatus Tendon, Long Head of Biceps Tendon, and Subacromial Bursa

24. impingement syndrome is a chronic condition caused by repetitive overhead activity that damages tissues in the shoulder complex
initially there is pain with activity – usually only in the impingement position
as condition gets worse the individual experiences pain at other times – progressing to pain at night while attempting to sleep
there may be crepitus in certain ROM

26. Factors Contributing to an Impingement Syndrome
Excessive amount of overhead movement
Limited subacromial space
Thickness of supraspinatus and biceps tendon
Lack of flexibility and strength of supraspinatus and biceps
Weakness in post rotator cuff muscles

27. Hypermobility of the shoulder joint
Imbalance of muscle strength, and or co-ordination of movement
Shape of acromion
Training devices ( ie hand paddles in swimming)

30. Rotator Cuff Tendinitis/Strain
usually result of repetitive microtraumas
may be from a acute trauma
muscle balance between int/ext rotators or tightness
almost always results in impingement
must know throwing mechanics motion (especially when working with sports involving throwing)

32. 22-5

33. First Aid Care Immediately apply ice, compression and elevate
Have athlete rest , use a sling if necessary
If needed refer to medical personnel

34. Clavicular #'s
because of S shape it is highly susceptible to compressive forces caused by a blow or fall on the point of the shoulder
80 % take place in midclaviclar region
swelling , ecchymosis and deformity
Rx involve a figure 8 brace to pull the shoulder backward and upwards for 4 to 6 weeks

37. First Aid Care Treat for shock apply ice
Carefully put into support , a sling wrap or shirt
refer to physician or hospital for xrays .

38. Bicipital Tendon Injuries
common in overhead throwing , or repetitive overuse during overhead movements
irritation of the tendon (esp. long head) as it passes back and forth in the bicipital groove of the humerous

39. the tendon may sublux as well from the bicipital groove
pain and tenderness over the bicipital groove groove (especially with internal and external rotation), crepitus and weakness
Rx – PIER , NSAIDS – modalities .. retraining , stretching and strengthening

41. Bursitis
usually associated with a rotator cuff strain or an impingement syndrome
usually injured is the subacromial bursa
point tenderness and a painful arc will exist between 70 and 120 degrees of passive abduction difficulty sleeping on effected side
Rx- PIER – may need cortizone injection

42. Burner or Zinger not really a shoulder injury
injury to brachial plexus
usually a result of a stretch and the neck being forced into hyperextension or opposite side flexion and the shoulder forced into horizontal abduction