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And Now For Something Completely Different Lee Landeen, Ph.D. Associate Director, Research Advanced BioHealing
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Regenerative medicine company – Not wound care company Celaderm – Keratinocyte-based, tissue-engineered product Purchased rights to Advanced Tissue Sciences / Smith & Nephew dermal products – May 2006 – Dermagraft and TransCyte Acquired by Shire – June 2011 ($750M)
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The History 1986: Marrow-Tech incorporates; tissue-engineering platform technology 1990: Markets skin 2 for cytotoxicity testing (pre-cursor to Dermagraft) 1991: Marrow-Tech renamed Advanced Tissue Sciences; began development of Dermagraft (burns) 1993: Began development of TransCyte (burns) 1996: ATS / Smith & Nephew form joint venture 1996: Dermagraft clinical trials for ulcers initiated 1997: TransCyte approved for partial and full-thickness burns 1998: ATS / S&N joint venture expanded to include TransCyte 2001:Dermagraft approved for diabetic foot ulcers 2002: ATS files Chapter 11; S&N acquires the JV Dec 2005: S&N decided to exit the business, put assets related to Dermagraft and TransCyte up for sale May 2006: ABH purchased assets Feb 2007: ABH revalidated Manufacturing facility and shipped first Dermagraft to customers
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Why Has ABH Succeeded (When Others Have Failed)? To date, ABH has generated > $400MM in sales revenue on Dermagraft Principles of Jim Collins’ “Good to Great” – Narrow focus, culture of discipline, hire the right people, flywheel concept Selling price doubled – Dermagraft was off market for >6 mo Positioned as the “Standard of Care” – Close the wound vs. manage the wound – Non-healing wounds after 4 weeks need an advanced therapy Commercially focused Sales team – Multiple disciplines including pharma, biologics and device – Single product portfolio Dedicated reimbursement staff and expertise – Heal2Gether program to work with patient compliance issues – Health economics of using vs. not using Dermagraft – Physicians get reimbursed
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Case Studies BeforeAfter Case 1 (plantar surface) (ulcer > 2 yr) (healed at 8 wk) Case 2 (heel) (healed at 11 wk) Case 3 (toe) (ulcer 3 mo) (healed at 7 wk)
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Tissue Engineering PolymerScience Biochemistry Cell Biology Bioengineering Transplantation SEM of Fibroblasts on Nylon SEM of Vicryl SEM of Dermagraft
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Dermagraft Human neonatal dermal fibroblasts (MCB, WCB) Resorbable knitted mesh scaffold (poly[glycolide-co-L-lactide]) Class III medical device (CDRH, 2001) (biologic, cell therapy) Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (1 x 8 wks) Cryopreserved dermal replacement (-75 o C ± 10 o C) Past/present evaluation in venous leg ulcers, epidermolysis bullosa, gingival resectioning, epicardial revascularization, rotator cuff repair
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Dermagraft Manufacturing
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Cell Expansion
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Dermagraft Bioreactor Manifold Product Manifold (up to 12 per lot) (up to 1,152 units) 8-cavity bag
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HEMOSTASIS PLATELET AGGREGATION REMODELING SECOND MINUTE DAY WEEK MONTH YEAR SCAR FORMATION WOUND CLOSURE RE-EPITHELIALIZATION GRANULATION TISSUE MONOCYTE IMMIGRATION NEUTROPHIL IMMIGRATION Normal Wound Healing
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HEMOSTASIS PLATELET AGGREGATION REMODELING SECOND MINUTE DAY WEEK MONTH YEAR SCAR FORMATION WOUND CLOSURE RE-EPITHELIALIZATION GRANULATION TISSUE MONOCYTE IMMIGRATION NEUTROPHIL IMMIGRATION Ulcers
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Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Dermagraft ® Delivery of normal, non-senescent fibroblasts Delivery of growth factors – Extracellular matrix-bound – Secreted Substrate for re-epithelialization – Extracellular matrix molecules Influence on inflammatory processes – Neutrophils
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Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Dermagraft ® Delivery of normal, non-senescent fibroblasts Delivery of growth factors – Extracellular matrix-bound – Secreted Substrate for re-epithelialization – Extracellular matrix molecules Influence on inflammatory processes – Neutrophils
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Normal Fibroblast Replicative Senescence Hayflick’s proposed 50 cell doublings
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Reactive Oxygen Species ROS Pressure Ulcers Diabetic Ulcers Venous Stasis Ulcers Chronic ischemia/reperfusion injury High mitochondrial potential Chronic neutrophil activation Chronic inflammation Iron from extravasated red cells Chronic neutrophil activation Chronic Inflammation Protein DNA Lipid Senescence-like Phenotype
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Role of Senescence Fibroblasts with a stress-induced premature senescent phenotype fail to respond appropriately to injury Neutrophil activation fails Bacterial colonization occurs Keratinocyte closure of the wound is delayed
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Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Dermagraft ® Delivery of normal, non-senescent fibroblasts Delivery of growth factors – Extracellular matrix-bound – Secreted Substrate for re-epithelialization – Extracellular matrix molecules Influence on inflammatory processes – Neutrophils
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Growth Factor Expression in Dermagraft IGF-II IGFBP-4 IGF-BP-5 IGFBP-6 IL-l IL-1 RA Pro-IL-1 IL-6 IL-8 IL-11 TNF- MCP-1 MCP-3 SDF-1 Interferon- Gro- Gro- Gro- CSF-1 G-CSF GM-CSF MAC25 PDGF A chain KGF TGF- 1 TGF- 1 BP TGF- -related TGF- latency protein CTGF Wnt 4 Wnt 6 Wnt 11 WISP-2 VEGF VEGF-B HGF PLGF bFGF Cyr61 FGF-1BP FGF-5 HSFGF AAMP Angiopoietin-1
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ECM-bound Growth Factors Immunohisto for bFGFELISA for bFGF
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Secretion of VEGF by Dermagraft ® After Thawing
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Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay for Angiogenesis Control, ScaffoldDermagraft ®
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Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay for Angiogenesis
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Laser-Doppler Showing Blood Supply in a Treated Diabetic Ulcer Pre-treatment 2 weeks 5 weeks
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Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Dermagraft ® Delivery of normal, non-senescent fibroblasts Delivery of growth factors – Extracellular matrix-bound – Secreted Substrate for re-epithelialization – Extracellular matrix molecules Influence on inflammatory processes – Neutrophils
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Extracellular Matrix Composition Biglycan Collagen I Collagen III Collagen V Collagen VI Collagen VII Decorin Elastin Fibronectin Glycosaminoglycans (HSPG) Lumican SPARC Tenascin Thrombospondin II
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Keratinocyte Migration On Wound bed On Dermagraft Krejci-Pappa, et al. 1999
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Proposed Mechanisms of Action of Dermagraft ® Delivery of normal, non-senescent fibroblasts Delivery of growth factors – Extracellular matrix-bound – Secreted Substrate for re-epithelialization – Extracellular matrix molecules Influence on inflammatory processes – Neutrophils
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Factors Induced in DERMAGRAFT® Dermagraft ® Monolayer IL-8
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IL-8 secretion by Dermagraft
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Monolayer fibroblasts 3D fibroblasts Keratinocytes Macrophage attractants Neutrophil attractants Stem cell attractants Dendritic cell attractants Chemokine Message in Dermagraft
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CXCL-1, 5, 6, 8 (Gro- , ENA-78, GCP-2, IL-8) Secreted by fibroblasts, neutrophils, keratinocytes, and other cells Chemoattractants and activators for neutrophils Primes neutrophil respiratory burst Antibacterial/antimicrobial activity Heparan sulphate-binding Activated by MMP-9
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Overall Hypothesis Ulcer Fibroblasts (Senescence-like Phenotype) Bacterial Colonization No Closure Inappropriate Response to Injury Chronic Wound
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HEMOSTASIS PLATELET AGGREGATION Dermagraft ® Cells G-CSF IL-8 Gro- ENA-78 GCP-2 TGF 1 IL-6 IL-11 VEGF ECM Substrate HGF KGF Dermagraft ® SECOND MINUTE DAY WEEK MONTH YEAR Proposed Dermagraft MOA REMODELING SCAR FORMATION WOUND CLOSURE RE-EPITHELIALIZATION GRANULATION TISSUE MONOCYTE IMMIGRATION NEUTROPHIL IMMIGRATION HSPs, necrotic cells, scaffold MCP-1 MCP-3 MCP-4 bFGF
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“Doctor, my brain hurts”
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