1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 6 Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anatomy and Physiology Bones and joints Bones provide framework and support –Classified by shape and composition Joints –Where two or more bones meet Muscle structure, movement, and heat

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Types of Bones

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Common Signs and Symptoms Bone and joint diseases: –Pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and deformity Muscle disorders: –Weakness

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Tests X-rays Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) Blood studies –Including calcium and phosphorus Electromyography Muscle tissue biopsy

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diseases of the Bone Mild to severe Common as adults age

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diseases of the Bone Spinal deformities: –Kyphosis Curvature of thoracic spine –Lordosis Exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spine –Scoliosis Lateral curvature of spine

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spinal Deformities

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diseases of the Bone Osteoporosis –Metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to decrease in bone mass Osteomyelitis –Inflammation of bone caused by staphylococcal infection

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diseases of the Joints Most occur as slow process Arthritis –Inflammation Osteoarthritis –Degenerative process

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diseases of the Joints Rheumatoid arthritis –Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue of entire body Gout –Metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diseases of the Joints Hallux valgus –Deformity affecting metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe –Also known as bunion Temporomandibular joint syndrome –Severe headaches and pain in jaw

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diseases of Muscle and Connective Tissue Muscular dystrophy (MD) –Inherited, genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles Ganglion cyst –Fluid-filled benign tumor on tendon sheath near wrist Tetanus –Also known as lockjaw

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ganglion Cyst Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Neoplasms Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system uncommon –Typically secondary, metastasizing from lungs, breast, and prostate

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Neoplasms Osteosarcoma –Most common primary tumor of bone Rhabdomyosarcoma –Very rare highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trauma Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system Fractures –Break in bone –Types: Pathologic, open, and closed Stress, displace, comminuted, and compression Longitudinal, transverse, oblique, spiral, and stellate

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Treatment of Fractures Immobilization Closed reduction Open reduction Traction

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Strains and Sprains Strain –Overstretching injury of muscle –Treatment: Rest Moist heat Analgesics Anti-inflammatories

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Strains and Sprains Sprain –Traumatic injury to joint –Treatment (RICE): Rest Ice Compression Elevation

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dislocations and Subluxations Dislocation –Complete separation of bone from normal position –Causes pain and joint deformity Subluxation –Partial separation of bone from normal position

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dislocation and Subluxation

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Low Back Pain Very common disorder May be acute or chronic Treatment: –Moist heat –Analgesics –Anti-inflammatories –Muscle relaxants

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Herniated Nucleus Pulposus Herniated disc, ruptured disc, slipped disc, or bulging disc Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in sciatic nerve Treatment same as low back pain

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Bursitis Inflammation of bursae or small fluid-filled sac near joints –Bursae help reduce friction during movement Symptoms: –Severe pain Limits motion

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Bursitis Treatment: –Moist heat –Analgesics –Anti-inflammatories

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tendonitis Inflammation of tendon or connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone May occur in any tendon

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tendonitis Treatment: –Ice –Analgesics –Anti-inflammatories –Exercises –Surgery

29. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Repetitive motion injury affecting hands Affects individuals working at repetitive tasks requiring finger and wrist motions

30. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Treatment: –Rest –Splint –Anti-inflammatories –Physical therapy –Surgery

31. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Plantar Fasciitis Also known as calcaneal spur or heel spur Treatment: –Rest –Ice –Analgesics –Anti-inflammatories

32. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Plantar Fasciitis

33. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Shoulder and Knee Disorders Torn rotator cuff –Muscles that hold head of humerus in shoulder socket area Torn meniscus –Attached to top of tibia and provides cushion for distal femur

34. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Shoulder and Knee Disorders Cruciate ligament tears –Located inside knee joint –Two ligaments cross to stabilize knee

35. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Shin Splints Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor muscles of lower leg Occur routinely with sudden increase in activity or new exercise routine

36. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Shin Splints Treatment: –Rest –Analgesics –Anti-inflammatories –Heat –Ice

37. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rare Diseases de Quervain’s –Tendonitis affecting thumb Tuberculosis of bone –Develops in tissue cavities leading to bone weakness and pain

38. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rare Diseases Paget’s disease –Chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation Myasthenia gravis –Autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue SLE

39. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Effects of Aging Decreased bone density Decreased muscle strength and mass Changed vertebral disks and compression of vertebrae –Results in changes in height and spine curvature

40. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Twisting Force Animation

41. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Direct Force Animation