1. Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4 th edition Margaret Schell Frazier Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski

2. Chapter 7 Diseases and Conditions of the Musculoskeletal System

3. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 The Muscular System

4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 The Muscular System (cont’d.)  The 3 Types of Muscles  Skeletal  Smooth  Cardiac

5. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 The Muscular System (cont’d.)

6. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 The Skeletal System

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Fibromyalgia: a chronic pain condition associated with stiffness and tenderness that affects muscles, tendons, and joints throughout the body. The cause is unknown. Treatment options Treatment options Stress reduction Stress reduction Physical activity Physical activity Medications Medications Fibromyalgia

8. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Lordosis: an exaggerated inward curvature of the spine Kyphosis: an abnormal outward curvature of the spine Scoliosis: a lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine Major Spinal Disorders

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12. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11  Exercise to strengthen weak muscles  Back brace  Fusion of the vertebrae Scoliosis - Treatment Options

13. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis: the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints  Causes:  aging process  heredity  injury  chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity

14. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Osteoarthritis (cont’d.)  Signs and symptoms  Spur formations on fingers  Degeneration of spinal vertebrae and pelvic joints  Diagnosis  Radiographic testing to exclude other causes  Treatment  Reduce inflammation, minimize pain

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16. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Lyme Disease  Lyme disease: an infectious bacteriological disease spread by deer tick bites  Characterized by red, itchy rash with a red circle center (“bull’s-eye” rash)  Often characterized by flu-like symptoms such as headache, fever, joint pain, and fatigue

17. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Lyme Disease (cont’d.)  Treatment  removal of tick  oral antibiotics  intravenous antibiotics  bed rest and physical therapy  Prevention  avoid tick bites by wearing long clothing  inspect clothes and body for ticks

18. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis: a serious infection of bone that requires aggressive antibiotic treatment  Caused by bacterial organisms, viruses, and fungi  Characterized by inflammation, swelling, redness, pain, localized heat, and tenderness

19. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Gout  Gout: a chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests an acute, episodic form of arthritis  Causes  Overproduction or decreased excretion of uric acid  high levels of uric acid in the blood  high levels of uric acid in synovial fluid in joints and tissues

20. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Gout (cont’d.)  Treatment  bed rest to reduce pressure on affected joints  application of ice to inflamed joints  NSAIDs and corticosteroids  low-purine diet and frequent fluid intake  antihyperuricemic medications

21. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Musculoskeletal Tumors (cont’d.)  Symptoms  Malignant tumors have characteristic signs  palpable mass; dull, localized pain  pathologic fracture, commonly in acetabulum or proximal femur  Diagnosis  radiographic studies,MRI, CT scan, biopsy  elevated serum alkaline phosphatase  elevated serum calcium  Treatment  surgical excision  chemotherapy/radiation therapy

22. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Osteoporosis Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by loss of normal bone mass and density due to imbalance between breakdown of old bone tissue and manufacture of new bone

23. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Osteoporosis (cont’d.)  Symptoms  asymptomatic until bone breaks  spontaneous fractures and loss of height are the most common signs  Treatment  increased intake of calcium and vitamin D  estrogen replacement therapy  bisphosphonate medications  moderate exercise

24. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Traumatic and Sports Injuries  Fractures (broken bones): caused by stress on the bones resulting from a traumatic insult to the musculoskeletal system, severe muscle spasm, or bone disease  Usually takes 6 weeks to heal

25. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  General treatment of fractures depends on location, severity, type, and cause  simple fracture of long bone: reduction and immobilization  compound fracture: cleaning, debriding, reduction, immobilization  internal fixation (open reduction)

26. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  Strains: injured tendons, muscles or other tissues resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity  Sprains: acute partial tears of a ligament

27. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 Shoulder bursitis

28. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 Ankle Sprain

29. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28  Elevation and rest of affected limb  Immobilization with elastic bandage  Application of ice  Analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents Treatment of Strains and Sprains (RICE)

30. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  Dislocation: the forcible displacement of a bone from its joint, causing loss of joint function  Treatment  Proper repositioning of joint within 30 minutes of injury

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32. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  Severed tendon: caused by injury or laceration; involves the forearm, hand, calf, or foot. The severed ends snap away from each other.  Symptoms: immediate, severe pain, inflammation and immobility  Treatment: tenorrhaphy (suturing of the two ends of the tendon)

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34. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  Shin splints: a painful condition involving inflammation of the periosteum, the extensor muscles of the lower leg, and the surrounding tissues  Symptoms: inflammation, edema, pain on inner aspect of the tibia  Treatment: rest plus applications of ice or heat

35. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  Plantar fasciitis: an inflammatory response at the bottom of the heel bone, generally caused by overuse  Symptoms: pain on bottom of foot  Treatment: application of ice application of ice anti-inflammatory medication anti-inflammatory medication heel pads heel pads cortisone cortisone

36. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  Torn meniscus: a crack or fissure to the meniscus cartilage in the knee joint  Symptoms acute pain when putting full weight on affected leg and knee acute pain when putting full weight on affected leg and knee snapping or clicking on flexion or extension snapping or clicking on flexion or extension  Treatment immobilization and elevation immobilization and elevation surgery surgery

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38. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 Traumatic and Sports Injuries (cont’d.)  The rotator cuff: the four tendons of the rotator cuff, formed by the muscles of the shoulder, partially surround the head of the humerus and stabilize it in the glenoid cavity of the socket  Supraspinatus, infraspinatous, subscapularis, teres minor  Rotator cuff tears: tears to any of the rotator cuff tendons that limit the function of the shoulder

39. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38 Ganglion cyst