1. Psy 120 Human Development Womb to tomb Jan Thompson-Wilda
Cannot get credit for 120 and 211 at OCC
Fast paced to the very end
Jan Thompson-Wilda
219,
22nd year at OCC
Student Development Faculty

2. Psy 120 Human Development
Chapter 1—The Study of Human Development

3. Formal Study of Human Development
The scientific study of how humans develop
Main questions:
How do people change throughout their lives?
What characteristics remain stable?

4. Developmental Processes— Change and Stability
2 kinds of change
Quantitative change— change in number or amount
Qualitative change—change in kind, structure, or organization
Despite change, there is also underlying stability

5. Basic Questions about Development
Which aspects of development
are universal, and which vary from one individual or group to the next?
are continuous, and which are not?
are more or less fixed (like marble) and difficult to change, and which are relatively malleable and easy to change (like clay)?
What makes development happen?

6. Guiding Principles
Development results from constant interplay of biology and the environment.
Development occurs in multilayered context.
Development is a dynamic, reciprocal process.
Development is cumulative.
Development occurs throughout the life-span.

7. Domains of Development
Physical development
Cognitive development
Social and emotional development

8. Human Development Today—Goals of This Scientific Discipline
Description
Explanation
Prediction
Modification

9. Periods of the Life Span
Social construction
8 periods generally agreed upon
Individual differences exist, but there are particular needs and tasks that must be met at certain stages for normal development to occur

10. Research Methods and Designs
Theories
Sets of statements that propose general principles of development
Predictions or Hypotheses
An educated guess that is testable by data collection and analysis
Theories – sets of statements that propose general principles of development.
Hypothesis – an educated guess that is testable by data collection.

11. Theories of Development
Classical Theories
Psychoanalytic theory
Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Learning theory
Behaviorism
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
Cognitive-Developmental theory

12. Psychoanalytic--development shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sigmund Freud:
Psychosexual Development
Erik Erikson:
Psychosocial Development

13. Freud
Development is shaped by unconscious forces that motivate behavior
Id—pleasure principle
Ego—reality principle
Superego—conscience— shoulds, oughts
Psychosexual development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

14. Erikson Psychosocial Development 8 stages
Competing tendencies in personality
(crises)
These issues must be resolved
for healthy ego development
Must balance positive and
negative tendency at each stage

15. Learning—development results from experiences in the environment
Learning Perspective
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory

16. Behaviorism—Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s experiments
A natural response to a stimulus is transferred to a second stimulus

17. Behaviorism—Operant Conditioning
Individuals learn from
operating on the
environment

18. Classical Conditioning

19. Operant Conditioning
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Reinforcement—process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood it will be repeated
Punishment—process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood it will be repeated

20. Social Learning Theory
Not exactly, but cute.
This is more like it.
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Albert Bandura
Modeling, or observational learning
Model is usually someone powerful or admired, similar to you, when you see the model rewarded for the behavior you are observing

21. Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Emphasizes changes in thinking over the lifespan
Piaget—stage theory
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Organization—the tendency to create categories
Schemes—people create these increasingly complex cognitive structures for organizing information
Adaptation—Adjustment to new information from the environment
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration—constant striving for balance, equilibrium—shift from assimilation to accommodation

22. Theories of Development
Contemporary Theories
Ecological perspective
Sociocultural perspective
Behavioral genetics
Evolutionary perspective
Dynamic systems theory

23. Ecological perspective

24. Bronfenbrenner’s 5 Interlocking Contextual Systems
Development occurs through increasingly complex processes of regular, active, two-way interaction between the developing person and the immediate environment
The context—the ecological system—either supports or stifles growth

25. Sociocultural Perspective
Emphasizes the ways development involves adaptation to specific cultural demands

26. Behavioral Genetics Emphasizes the inherited bases of behavior
Reciprocol influences between genes and environment

27. Evolutionary Perspective
Emphasizes how behavior develops as a result of adaptation to environment

28. Dynamic Systems Perspective
Emphasizes that all facets of development, domains, context are part of a dynamic, constantly changing system

29. The Scientific Study of Development
The scientific method: A systematic, step-by-step procedure for testing ideas.

30. Research methods Observational research Self-reports
Naturalistic observation
Participant observation
Structured observation
Self-reports
Standardized tests
Reliability
Validity

31. Basic Research Designs
Case studies
Correlational studies
Experiments
Groups and variables
Random assignment
Laboratory, field and natural experiments

32. Figure 1.3: Positive and Negative Correlations

33. • The Scientific Method
Studying change over time
–Longitudinal research
–Cross-sectional studies
–Accelerated longitudinal design

34. Figure 1.4: Research Designs for Studies of Development