1. Classical and Romantic Higher Listening Concepts

2. Standard Grade Concepts Concerto Concerto Symphony Symphony Cadenza Cadenza Flutter-tonguing Flutter-tonguing Con Sordino Con Sordino Tremolando Tremolando Col Legno Col Legno Arco Arco Pizzicato Pizzicato Double Stopping Double Stopping

3. Higher Concepts The Sonata The Sonata Sonata Form – Exposition, development, recapitulation, transition Sonata Form – Exposition, development, recapitulation, transition Programme music/Symphonic poem/Tone poem Programme music/Symphonic poem/Tone poem Nationalist Nationalist Lieder Lieder Song Cycle Song Cycle Coloratura Coloratura Leitmotiv Leitmotiv

4. The Sonata A sonata consists of a solo instrument with Piano A sonata consists of a solo instrument with Piano A Violin Sonata would be for a Violin and Piano A Violin Sonata would be for a Violin and Piano A Piano Sonata would be for solo piano. A Piano Sonata would be for solo piano. YouTube - Beethoven - Cello Sonata - Glenn Gould & Leonard Rose -PART1 YouTube - Beethoven - Cello Sonata - Glenn Gould & Leonard Rose -PART1 YouTube - Franz Schubert - Piano Sonata D. 960 part 1-1 YouTube - Franz Schubert - Piano Sonata D. 960 part 1-1

5. Sonata Form This structure was developed in Classical period. This structure was developed in Classical period. Commonly used for Sonatas and Symphonies. Commonly used for Sonatas and Symphonies. http://library.thinkquest.org/22673/forms1.html Exposition DevelopmentRecapitulation Transition

6. Programme Music Also known as Symphonic poem and Tone poem. Also known as Symphonic poem and Tone poem. Large scale work for Orchestra Large scale work for Orchestra Usually based on a story or poem. (E.g Danse Macabre) Usually based on a story or poem. (E.g Danse Macabre) Very expressive and emotional piece of music Very expressive and emotional piece of music YouTube - Danse Macabre YouTube - Danse Macabre

7. Nationalist The music reflects the nationality of the country. The music reflects the nationality of the country. It may contain folk melodies or instruments from that country It may contain folk melodies or instruments from that country Famous examples are: Finlandia (Sibelius) and Fingals Cave (Mendelssohn) Famous examples are: Finlandia (Sibelius) and Fingals Cave (Mendelssohn) YouTube - Finlandia YouTube - Finlandia

8. Lieder and The Song Cycle Lieder is German for Song. Lieder is German for Song. Performed by solo voice accompanied by Piano Performed by solo voice accompanied by Piano Lieder can often be Strophic and use both melismatic and syllabic word settings. Lieder can often be Strophic and use both melismatic and syllabic word settings. The Song Cycle consists of a group of songs all based on the same topic. The Song Cycle consists of a group of songs all based on the same topic. YouTube - Fritz Wunderlich sings 4 Schubert Lieder (Songs) YouTube - Fritz Wunderlich sings 4 Schubert Lieder (Songs)

9. Leitmotiv and Coloratura In an Opera, characters often had a particular theme to represent them. This was known as the Leitmotiv. In an Opera, characters often had a particular theme to represent them. This was known as the Leitmotiv. This was developed in the Romantic period by Wagner. This was developed in the Romantic period by Wagner. Coloratura was a new vocal style in Classical Opera. It is very decorative with scales and ornaments and sung by a very high soprano. Coloratura was a new vocal style in Classical Opera. It is very decorative with scales and ornaments and sung by a very high soprano. YouTube - VICTORIA JOYCE- Mozart Queen of the Night: Der Hölle Rache YouTube - VICTORIA JOYCE- Mozart Queen of the Night: Der Hölle Rache

10. Recognising the Periods In a question paper, you are often asked to identify the period of the music. Here are some tips: In a question paper, you are often asked to identify the period of the music. Here are some tips: Classical – It is a very structured style and has a light texture. Classical – It is a very structured style and has a light texture. Romantic – A richer sound with more emotion and expression Romantic – A richer sound with more emotion and expression Late Romantic – Uses a loose music structure. Dramatic sounding, like film music. Brass instruments are important Late Romantic – Uses a loose music structure. Dramatic sounding, like film music. Brass instruments are important