1. Classical Music

2. Context American Revolution French Revolution Enlightenment
Voltaire, Hume, Kant
Germany and Austria were the centers of musical activity
Patronage of German courts promoted the work of prolific composers, specifically Mozart and Haydn

3. Musical Developments Stressed perfection of form
Utilized lyricism-melodic clarity and beauty
Musical instruments continued to be refined
Harpsichord developed into the fortepiano, which developed into the piano
Development of the piano yielded more dynamic variety and lyric expression

4. Sonata-Allegro Form
Presents two or more musical themes in a three-part structure
Exposition
States the themes
Development
Elaborates the themes
Recapitulation
Restates the themes
A short introduction sometimes precedes the exposition
The Coda was sometimes utilized as an independent section-provided a conclusion to the piece
Sonata-Allegro form followed predictable harmonic development

5. Exposition Primary key section contains Related key section contains
Principal or Primary Theme-establishes home key
Transition from Primary Theme and Related key section
Related key section contains
Secondary or Subordinate Theme-often on the dominant (5th scale degree) or relative minor
Closing section-confirms the new key

6. Development Most free-form of the three sections
Based on thematic material from the Exposition
Destabilizes the harmonic movement
Varies in length and dramatic content
Concludes on the dominant of the Primary key area
Leads to the Recapitulation

7. Recapitulation Returns to the material in the Exposition
Secondary theme usually stays in the home key rather than changing
Sometimes abbreviated version of Exposition
Sometimes includes a Coda to extend the ending

8. Franz Josef Haydn Born in Austria Primarily self-taught
Known for his talent as a violinist and composer
In 1761, entered the service of Prince Esterhazy and continued to work for him for 28 years
Composed and directed all music for the court
Wrote a great deal of music-over 100 symphonies, and 83 string quartets
Symphony no. 101 “Clock Symphony”
Symphony no. 94 “Surprise Symphony”

9. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Born in Salzburg
Lived and died in Vienna
Father was Leopold, a well-known musician
Recognized young Mozart’s talent and promoted concerts all over Europe for Wolfgang and his sister Nannerl
Was inspired by his travels
Composed based on the tastes of the country he was in
Enjoyed moments of success, but often overindulged and spent his money as it came in
Court musician in Salzburg
Worked for Emperor Joseph II in Vienna
Died before completing his Requiem

10. Mozart’s Instrumental Works
Composed wide variety of musical forms
Symphonies, concertos, secular vocal music, Masses, piano sonatas and concertos, chamber music
Dedicated 6 string quartets to Haydn, who was a strong influence on his compositional style
Clarity and beauty of melodic content was important
Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Laudate Dominum
A Musical Joke

11. Mozart’s Operas Wrote 22 Operas Apollo et Hyacinth—wrote at age 11
Most were in the Italian tradition
Seria
Buffa
Collaborated with Da Ponte (librettist)
Marriage of Figaro
Cosi fan Tutte
Don Giovanni
Commissioned by Imperial German Theater
Abduction from the Seraglio
Features “pants role” of Cherubino
Based on legend of Don Juan
Classified as a buffa, but combines drama and supernatural elements
Cosi Fan Tutte
The Magic Flute
Characters include Taomino, Pamina, Sarastro, Papageno (bird-like man)