1. Myeloid cells matter Conclusions

2. Glut1+ CD14++ CD16+ Associated with inflammatory markers HIV Immune activation HIV-related diseases Joshua Anzigen: Intermediate monocytes are possible markers to identify HIV- infected subjects at risk for HIV-1 related co-morbidities

3. Francesca Graziano : Purging the HIV reservoir ? ATP stimulation of Mφ Adapted from M. Stevenson, Nat Med. 2003 ATP HAART Extracellular virion release Intracellular virions accumulation

4. Maria Isabel Sade-Ovalle : Tim3-Gal9 T cell-Mφ interaction Favor HIV entry Favor HIV- specific T cell responses Blocking antibodies modulation of cytokines release from T cells and Mφ Control of M.tb. growth in HIV patients ? Modulation of the Tim3-Gal9 pathway favor antimicrobial immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

5. Tran Huyen: In TB – HIV coinfection Alteration of pro/anti inflammatory genes and modulation of the complement system in monocytes Identify specific signatures prognostic for development of TB-IRIS Monocytes contribute to the development of TB-IRIS

6. Dysregulation of Metabolic pathways Non-communicable diseases Reservoir of HIV HIV-related dementia Opportunistic infections IRIS Myeloid cells matter

7. Points for discussion Immune activation drives disease progression. Classical (CD14+CD16-) vs non classical (CD14+/CD16+) monocytes: what is their role in immune activation? Increased level of blood non classical monocytes is correlated with disease progression. Non classical M-DC8+ monocytes accumulate in the peripheral blood of viremic untreated patients (Dutertre et al. 2013). Better definition of monocyte/macrophages and DC subsets in several anatomical compartment…and their role as viral reservoirs. Focus on alternative approaches to purge HIV reservoirs.