1. Rates of Summertime Biological Productivity in the Beaufort Gyre: A Comparison between the Record-Low Ice Conditions of August 2012 and Typical Conditions of August 2011 Rachel H. R. Stanley 1, Zoe O. Sandwith 1, Bill J. Williams 2 1 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA 2 Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada

2. Motivation 1)Few rates of primary production have been measured in the Arctic Ocean 2)How do rates of production depend on sea ice coverage? Image from National Snow and Ice Data Center 1978 1993 2011 year 8 10 12 Ice Extent (10 6 km 2 )

3. Motivation 1)Few rates of primary production have been measured in the Arctic Ocean 2)How do rates of production depend on sea ice coverage? –2012 had record-low sea ice extent. 2011 was more typical. Image from NASA website Yellow = typical minimum sea ice area Red = study area 2012 Sea Ice Extent

4. Motivation 1)Few rates of primary production have been measured in the Arctic Ocean 2)How do rates of production depend on sea ice coverage? –2012 had record-low sea ice extent. 2011 was more typical. Image from NASA website 2012 Sea Ice Extent We used gas tracers to determine rates of NCP and GPP in mixed layer in Beaufort Gyre in Summer 2011 and 2012

5. Why measure NCP and GPP? Advantages to concurrent measurements of NCP and GPP –If NCP is low, is it because of low photosynthesis or tightly matched photosynthesis and respiration? –Determine NCP/GPP ratio, analagous to “f-ratio”, a measure of efficiency of biological pump

6. Gas Tracers for NCP and GPP To calculate NCP: d(O 2 /Ar)dt = NCP – gas exchange –Correct for thermal effects by using O 2 /Argon –Assume steady state and calculate gas exchange

7. Gas Tracers for NCP and GPP To calculate GPP: Triple Oxygen Isotopes ( 16 O, 17 O, 18 O) Photosynthetic O 2 : Mass dependent Air: Mass independent 17 , a measure of the three isotopes, does not change with respiration

8. NCP in Beaufort Gyre: 2011 vs. 2012 Rates of mixed layer NCP similar between the two years

9. GPP in Beaufort Gyre: 2011 vs. 2012 Rates of mixed layer GPP doubled in the record low sea-ice year of 2012

10. 2011 to 2012 Comparison Histogram of mixed layer rates of NCP and GPP –Similar distribution for NCP in 2011 and 2012 –Broader range, higher rates for GPP in 2012

11. 2011 to 2012 Comparison Histogram of mixed layer rates of NCP and GPP –Similar distribution for NCP in 2011 and 2012 –Broader range, higher rates for GPP in 2012

12. What is Happening? Higher photosynthetic rates in response to less ice (more light?) but heterotrophs keep up with increase in production Result: No change in net carbon uptake

13. What is Happening? Higher photosynthetic rates in response to less ice (more light?) but heterotrophs keep up with increase in production Result: No change in net carbon uptake

14. What is Happening? Higher photosynthetic rates in response to less ice (more light?) but heterotrophs keep up with increase in production Result: No change in net carbon uptake Supporting Data: No rates of respiration were measured but slightly higher bacterial abundances observed in 2012 at the stations that were no longer ice covered (Bill Li, DFO, Canada) Data from Bill Li, DFO

15. Rates at Depth? NCP and GPP rates only measured in the mixed layer In the Beaufort Gyre, deep chlorophyll maximum observed and production at depth likely is important Can roughly scale up mixed layer numbers to whole euphotic zone using depth relations determined from ARCSS-PP Database Figure from Arrigo and Dijken 2011 Primary Production (mg C m -3 d -1 ) 0 60 120 0 50 100 Depth (m)

16. Effect of ice coverage within 2011 Within the 2011 cruise, regions where higher total ice concentration had –Larger GPP –Similar NCP –Smaller N:G Ratio

17. Effect of ice coverage within 2011 Within the 2011 cruise, relationships of GPP and NCP/GPP with ice cover are significant NCP vs. ice cover not significant Lots of scatter but implication is that actively melting ice increases GPP but no change in NCP

18. Conclusions Summer with record low ice (2012) has higher GPP but similar NCP to more typical summer (2011) Implication is that as ice continues to decrease, GPP may rise in Beaufort Gyre but NCP may not change  no net change in carbon uptake by biological production Does this occur elsewhere in Arctic? At other times during the year? Time-series would be fantastic!

19. Acknowledgements Thanks to –Captain and crew of CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent –Sarah Zimmermann and rest of JOIS/BGOS Team –National Science Foundation, Fisheries and Ocean Canada, WHOI Climate Institute Photo from JOIS Cruise Report

21. Equations Equations used to calculate NCP and GPP

22. Measuring TOI Measurements are hard to make - cannot be made at sea! Processing line to remove nitrogen, then measure oxygen isotopes on isotope ratio mass spectrometer Precision in my lab = 4 per meg

23. Method: Triple Oxygen Isotopes Standard is air so by definition 17  of air = 0 Respiration does not change 17  Photosynthesis has 17  = 250 per meg (as determined from terrarium experiments by Luz et al (1999), Luz and Barkan (2005) ) Modified after Luz and Barkan, 2005 Mass Dependent Fractionation ln(  17 O/1000+1) ln(  18 O/1000+1) 0 Respiration Slope = 0.52 Stratosphere Slope = 1.7 MASS INDEPENDENT 17  = ln(  17 O/1000+1)-0.52*ln(  18 O/1000+1) x10 6

24. Method: Triple Oxygen Isotopes Standard is air so by definition 17  of air = 0 Respiration does not change 17  Photosynthesis has 17  = 250 per meg (as determined from terrarium experiments by Luz et al (1999), Luz and Barkan (2005) ) Modified after Luz and Barkan, 2005 ln(  17 O/1000+1) ln(  18 O/1000+1) 0 Respiration Slope = 0.52 17  = ln(  17 O/1000+1)-0.52*ln(  18 O/1000+1) x10 6 17  17  Air=0 17  Photo =250

25. Vocabulary Primer Gross Primary Production (GPP): Total photosynthetic flux. Base of food chain. Net Primary Production: Photosynthesis minus autotrophic respiration Net Community Production (NCP): Photosynthesis minus autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration New Production: Fueled by input of new nutrients into euphotic zone Export Production: Flux of organic matter that leaves euphotic zone Over long temporal and spatial scales, NCP, New, and Export Production should be approximately equal.

26. Why NCP and GPP? asdasd