1. To get to journals electronically: http://findit.library.miami.edu/ejournal.php -click on letter corresponding to journal name Or http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/support/lib -click on web resources -click on IBISWEB -click on E-Journals tag at top

2. $$$1.00$$$ to Alex - p.37, exercise 1.6 (a) “globally averaged surface pressure is 16 hPa lower than globally averaged sea-level pressure of 1013 hPa” p. 11, exercise 1.1 states, Globally averaged surface pressure is 985 hPa

3. Renee Alex Patrick Mehmet Andrew

4. Ocean structure definitions

5. The Carbon Cycle: Water cycle -> phase changes Carbon cycle -> chemical changes Why do we care ? Regulates 2 important greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide CO 2, and methane CH 4

6. 12 years 6,500 yrs 200,000 yrs Units in kg m -2

7. Increased evidence of human impact: Greenhouse Warming Monthly-mean C02 concentrations, 1958-2002 Carbon Dioxide

8. Monthly-mean C02 concentrations, 1958-2002 Carbon Dioxide increase only 1/2 of that predicted From fossil fuel consumption and forest burning

9. Where is the missing carbon ? Oceans appear to uptake more than they expend. Units in gigatons of carbon or Gt C

10. Carbon Exchange: CO 2 + H 2 O -> CH 2 O + O 2 photosynthesis CH 2 O + O 2 -> CO 2 + H 2 O respiration Rxn uses visible Light wavelengths Of 0.43 (blue) and 0.66 (orange) Micron. Plants Reflective in Near-IR

13. Euphotic zone takes up carbon dioxide, decaying matter Sinks it deeper.

15. Carbon in the Oceans: 1.CO 2 + H 2 O -> H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid 2.H 2 CO 3 -> H + + HCO 3 bicarbonate ion 3. HCO 3 -> H + + CO 3 2- Net: CO 2 + CO 3 2- + H 2 O -> 2HCO 3 This is connected to Calcium from the Earth’s mantle: Ca + 2HCO 3 -> CaCO 3 + H 2 CO 3 coral Where the Ca derived from the weathering of Rocks containing Ca-Si.

16. Sedimentation,Weathering,Metamorphosis Weathering increases with temperature

17. Oxygen: Unique component of Earth’s atmosphere Increasing with time: Photosynthesis creates oxygen - and - Reduction of water (H 2 O -> H 2 + O) via mineralization, with hydrogen escaping to space.

18. Oxygen in carbonates estimated from carbon mass.

21. Early Earth’s History, in brief: 1.~ 4.5 billion years ago (bya): accretion from planetesimals, evidence is lack of noble gases relative to cosmos. 2. 1st ~750 millions years, named Hadean Epoch: more bombardment, early atmosphere, moon 3. 1st production of O 2, 3.0-3.8 bya. Low atmos. conc., but ozone layer 4. Increased O 2, 2 bya. -> 1st glaciation

25. Sudbury Shatter cones K-T extinction -> nuclear winter

26. Sun’s luminosity increases w/ time as core contracts. Why wasn’t Earth’s surface frozen ?

27. Initial high methane conc. gives way to oxygen -> 3 major glaciations. First is ~ 2.3 bya

28. 2nd glaciation: ~ 2.5 million years ago. Reduced plate tectonics -> reduced volcanic emission of CO 2. + Increased sink of CO 2 in oceans through increased Atmospheric carbon Movement of Antarctica to SP -> increased albedo Drake Passage opens, Panama Isthmus closes -> Changing thermohaline circulation -> less poleward heat transport ->colder Arctic

29. 3rd glaciation, within last million years Temperature, CO 2, CH 4 vary coherently. Antarctica ice core Decrease is quick, rise less rapid

31. Last glacial maximum 20,000 years ago Global sea level ~ 125 m lower CO 2 levels ~ 180 ppm Snow/ice extent preceeds CO2 changes

32. Venus Mars Jupiter Hot: No oceans: No hydrogen or water Atmosphere all carbon “runaway greenhouse Effect” Cold & small: No (liquid) water No vulcanism No atmosphere

33. WHY LIFE ON EARTH ? ROLE OF OCEANS: ROLE OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS: ROLE OF TECTONICS ROLE OF OTHER PLANETS: