1. Sea Ice

2. Big Questions: What are the quantitative contributions of various processes to ice mass balance over the annual cycle. What positive and negative feedbacks may change significantly in a future Arctic. What are the linkages of sea ice changes with other systems, including ecosystems, mid latitudes, carbon cycling…

3. Big Questions: What are the quantitative contributions of various processes to ice mass balance over the annual cycle. What positive and negative feedbacks may change significantly in a future Arctic. What are the linkages of sea ice changes with other systems, including ecosystems, mid latitudes, carbon cycling… Similarity to SHEBA objectives noted

4. What was missing at SHEBA? What do modelers need? Measurements of Heterogeneity – Snow/Ice thickness distribution – Ice surface and bottom roughness – Snow redistribution – Internal melt – Under ice radiation field Observations of the “New Arctic” (open ocean – ice transition states) – Thin ice, upper ocean cooling. – Logistics challenges… must be met. SHEBA

5. What was missing at SHEBA? What do modelers need? Measurements of Heterogeneity – Snow/Ice thickness distribution – Ice surface and bottom roughness – Snow redistribution – Internal melt – Under ice radiation field Observations of the “New Arctic” (open ocean – ice transition states) – Thin ice, upper ocean cooling. – Logistics challenges… must be met. SHEBA LiDAR, Multibeam on ROV Airborne Radar and EM, RS assets, UAV’s LiDAR Micro CT Logging Spectroradiometers

6. What was missing at SHEBA? What do modelers need? Biological impacts – EPS – ice structure/strength interactions – Light Transmission (time series) – Porosity/permeability - nutrient cycling relations – DMS production/release – Bacterial/algae linkages Biogeochemical cycling – DIC pump to deep ocean – Brine movement Spatial/Temporal extensions – Cal/Val of Remote sensing – Autonomous platforms SHEBA

7. What was missing at SHEBA? What do modelers need? Biological impacts – EPS – ice structure/strength interactions – Light Transmission (time series) – Porosity/permeability - nutrient cycling relations – DMS production/release – Bacterial/algae linkages Biogeochemical cycling – DIC pump to deep ocean – Brine movement Spatial/Temporal extensions – Cal/Val of Remote sensing – Autonomous platforms SHEBA Molecular Techniques Logging Spectroradiometers, ROV’s Micro CT, Analytical techniques

8. Lots of cool stuff… Linkages – A way to prioritize

9. Ocean Summer heating/fall freezing Freshwater exchange Deepwater formation Sediment entrainment Coupling, both momentum transfer and mixing

10. Linkages – A way to prioritize Atmosphere Long/Shortwave Snow Surface Roughness/Turbulent Flux Biological Processes EPS – ice structure/strength interactions Light Transmission (time series) Porosity/permeability - nutrient cycling relations DMS production/release

11. Other Thoughts Observation vs. Experimentation Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Dance Card: Temporal Spatial SynopticSeasonal Decadal- Climate Local Regional Global

12. Big Questions: What are the quantitative contributions of various processes to ice mass balance over the annual cycle. What positive and negative feedbacks may change significantly in a future Arctic. What are the linkages of sea ice changes with other systems, including ecosystems, mid latitudes, carbon cycling…