1. Admin

2. Review

3. Lesson 5: The Mexican War 1846-1848

4. Learning Objectives Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy.Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. Comprehend the lessons of the Mexican WarComprehend the lessons of the Mexican War

5. Remember our Themes! The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign PolicyThe Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Interaction between Congress and the NavyInteraction between Congress and the Navy Interservice RelationsInterservice Relations TechnologyTechnology LeadershipLeadership Strategy and TacticsStrategy and Tactics Evolution of Naval DoctrineEvolution of Naval Doctrine

6. Republic Of Texas Republic of TexasRepublic of Texas –Independent from Mexico: 1836 –Annexed by United States: 1845 –Southern border in dispute with Mexico

8. Mexican-American War 1846-48 Mexico:Mexico: –Land forces Home turf –Insignificant Navy US:US: –Land forces Long way from home –Sizable Navy

9. Operations in Texas General Zachary TaylorGeneral Zachary Taylor –Operations in Texas - 1846. –4,000 men under his command –25 April 1846: clash on the border –13 May War Declared

10. Operations in the Gulf Gulf Squadron dispatchedGulf Squadron dispatched U.S. Navy establishes command of the sea.U.S. Navy establishes command of the sea. –Blockade and capture of Mexican ports. –Marines used as a garrison force. Taylor wins a series of victories in TexasTaylor wins a series of victories in Texas

12. 1847 Mexico not capitulatingMexico not capitulating Scott dispatchedScott dispatched

13. Battle of Vera Cruz Participants:Participants:

14. Commanders:

15. Forces: US:US: –10,000 USA –2,000 USMC –Gulf Squadron Mexico: –Vera Cruz: 3,360 Men 86 Guns –San Juan de Ulloa 1,030 Men 135 Guns

16. Amphibious Assault Specially designed surf boats, 2.5K at a timeSpecially designed surf boats, 2.5K at a time Mexican stay in TownMexican stay in Town 1 US death1 US death

18. Siege of Vera Cruz Patterson wants assaultPatterson wants assault Scott sets up siegeScott sets up siege 12 Killed12 Killed 4 days4 days

20. Outcome Tactical and Strategic US victoryTactical and Strategic US victory Lessons learned: CooperationLessons learned: Cooperation

21. Scotts Mexico City Campaign - 1847 General Winfield Scott marches to Mexico City.General Winfield Scott marches to Mexico City. –8,500 men –Accompanied by a regiment of Marines. –Jos –Battle of Cerro Gordo Marines in the Battle of Chapultepec.Marines in the Battle of Chapultepec. –“The Halls of Montezuma”

22. Captain Kirby Smith: What stupid people they are! They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours,—yet they refuse to treat [i.e., negotiate terms]!What stupid people they are! They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours,—yet they refuse to treat [i.e., negotiate terms]!

24. Pacific Squadron Initially under Commodore John Sloat.Initially under Commodore John Sloat. –Monterey and San Francisco captured by joint American forces - Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. –Commodore Robert Stockton - Los Angeles. –California and Oregon occupied by the end of the war.

25. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848 Rio Grande established as Texas-Mexico border.Rio Grande established as Texas-Mexico border. Western United States ceded from Mexico.Western United States ceded from Mexico. Mexico kept Baja (lower) CaliforniaMexico kept Baja (lower) California

26. Thoughts US v. MexicoUS v. Mexico –Proportionally stronger –Uses strategy that reflects that USNAUSNA –Not yet effective Effective Joint operationsEffective Joint operations Long range planningLong range planning