1. hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy

2. Objective History Define hydrotherapy Effects physical prosperities of water

3. History
Carlos Andreson 1943
Using thermal water for therapeutic purposes: balneotherapy, spa therapy, hydrotherapy
Hippocrates ( BC) used hot and cold water immersion to treat many diseases
Romans used baths for hygiene
19th-20th century: therapeutic & pleasure

4. Definition
Hydrotherapy may be defined as the use of water, in any of its forms, for the maintenance of health or the treatment of disease.
hydrotherapy has been used to treat disease and injury by many different peoples.
Also called( Hydrothermal therapy) additionally uses its temperature effects, as in hot baths, saunas, wraps, etc.

5. Benefits of hydrotherapy
The goal of hydrotherapy is to improve the circulation and quality of blood.
This is important, since blood deliveries nutrient to and remove the waste products from the tissues and organs.
If circulation is poor or slow, healing nutrients could not be delivered and toxins could not be removed, which causes degeneration of tissues and organs.
By improving the quality of blood, more nutrients are available for cells to use and toxins are managed more efficiently

6. Physiological Effects
Thermal effects: are produced by the application of water at temperatures above or below that of the body.
The mechanical: effects are produced by the impact of water upon the surface of the body in the form of sprays, douches, frictions, whirlpools, etc.
The chemical: effects are produced when it is taken by mouth or used to irrigate a body cavity, such as the large colon.

7. Common techniques
baths and showers, neutral baths, sitz baths, contrast sitz baths, foot baths, cold mitten friction rub, steam inhalation, hot compresses, cold compresses, alternating hot and cold compresses, heating compresses, body wrap, wet sheet pack, and salt glow.

9. Therapeutic propertiesof
water
Physical
properties
chemical
prosperities

10. Physical properties of water (Aquatic Physics )
These properties include
High specific heat and thermal conductivity
Bouncy
Resistance
and hydrostatic pressure

11. Physical properties 1-Specific heat and thermal conductivity
Water can transfer heat by conduction (stationary water) and convection (moving water) and can therefore be used as a superficial heating or cooling agents.
It is effective for this application because of its high specific heat and thermal conductivity

12. Specific heat. Cont.,
Is the amount of heat, in calories, required to raise temp of 1 gram of substance 1 degree C.
Specific heat of water = 1.0
Cool water temps are best for long exercise session, warm water is indicated for short-duration exercises

13. Specific heat. Cont.,
The specific heat of water is approximately four times that of air and its thermal conductivity is approximately 25 times that of air.
Thus it transfers the thermal energy 25 times more rapidly than air at the same temperature.

14. Clinical benefits
Clinically, during hydrotherapy, heat is generally transferred from warm water to a patient by placing the patient's limb in warm water.
Heat may also be transferred from the patient to cooler water by immersion of a limb or part of it in cold or ice water.

15. Physical properties 2-Bouncy
Buoyancy: upward force generated by the volume of water displaced – force opposing gravity
Archimede’s Principle: “the upward thrust that a fully or partially immersed body experiences is equal to the weight of the water that it displaces”
-The amount of the fluid it displaces depends on the density of the immersed body relative to the density of the fluid.

16. Physical properties Buoyancy
Water density change with temperature and atmospheric pressure change
The density of salt water is greater than fresh water
Density is proportional to its depth
Specific Gravity (SG): pure water at 4oC is 1.0
SG>1.0 sink
SG<1.0 float
Body SG ~ 0.974

17. Specific gravity
Is the weight of a particular substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water
Specific gravity of a person increases when there is increased bone mass and muscle mass and decreases when there are greater amounts of adipose tissue
An object with low specific gravity (less than 1.0) will float
Objects with high specific gravity ( greater than 1.0) will sink
The human body has a specific gravity of 0.87 – 0.97

18. Center of Buoyancy
The COB is a point or location on the human body that needs to be maintained within a base of support to establish & maintain an upward & stable posture
Similar to center of gravity
COB located in chest region

19. Physical properties Clinical benefits Buoyancy Torque = F x L
Help exercise when weight bearing is contraindication
(decrease stress and compression on weight bearing joints,muscles and connective tissues).
Can be used as assistive or resistive force
Raise weakened body parts against gravity.
Combination of Buoyancy and Hydrostatic pressure help in balance exercises
Torque = F x L
Center of Buoyancy (CB) of a body segment immersed in water + Center of Gravity (COG) of a body segment out of water used to analyze torque
Buoyancy & Gravity counteracting forces
Body stable: COG&CB vertical
Body rotates: COG&CB not vertical

20. Physical properties 3-Resistance Water at rest
Density: mass per unit volume
ρ = m/V
m= mass; V=volume

21. Physical properties 3) Resistance
Viscosity (internal friction between the molecules) and cohesion (attractive force exerted by each molecule on those surrounding) of the water provide resistance to the motion of a body in water.
Resistance occurs in the against direction of the motion of the body and increase in proportional to the relative speed of the body's motion and the frontal area of the body part(s) in contact with water.

22. Clinical benefits
-The velocity-dependant resistance provided by water makes it a safe and effective strengthening medium for many patients.
-Variable resistance and pressure provided by moving water can be beneficial for debriding and cleansing wounds.

23. Hydromechanics of water
Term used to refer to movement through water
The faster the movement, the greater the resistance

24. 4-Hydrostatic pressure
Physical properties
4-Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by water on the immersed body
Pascal’s law: “when a body part immersed in fluid is at rest, the fluid will exert equal pressure on all surface areas at a given depth”
P = F/A
F= Force; A=Surface area

25. Clinical benefits
Immersion in water can assist in promoting circulation or alleviating peripheral edema due to venous or lymphatic insufficiency.
Facilitate cardiovascular function
Support provided by hydrostatic pressure may help to brace unstable joints or weak muscles.
The greatest effect will occur with vertical positioning.
The effect will be less pronounced if the patient is swimming in more horizontal position close to the water surface.
There are also no hydrostatic pressure effects when non-immersion hydrotherapy techniques are used.

26. Physical properties Hydrostatic pressure
Patients with respiratory problems:
exercises to improve lung expansion
Difficulty breathing
Pressure  with density: more pressure in deeper water (patients with circulatory problems)

27. Physical properties Other properties
Surface tension: water molecules on the surface have greater tendency to hold together
Adhesion: the tendency of water molecule to adhere to other substances
Cohesion: the tendency of water molecules to adhere to each other

28. Physical properties
Water in motion
Flow motion 
Laminar Turbulent

29. Physical properties
Movement of objects in water cause water movement (whirlpools or Eddy
Turbulence cause resistance
The faster the movement the greater the turbulence
Underwater exercises vs Land exercises

30. Physical properties
Bow wave: positive pressure in front of the moving object – caused by the displaced water (stop moving forward)
Wake (drag effect): forms behind moving object caused by water flowing into the area immediately to the rear – negative pressure (hold object back)

31. Exercise in water Adjust resistance Speed Size and shape
Change limb position – lever length
Increase surface area – add apparatus