1. Urban Policies in the War on Poverty Jens Ludwig University of Chicago and NBER Edgar O. Olsen University of Virginia

2. Anticipated Conclusions Little can be said about the effects or legacy of new place-based economic development programs The expansion of low-income housing programs had a significant direct effect on poverty correctly measured

3. Anticipated Conclusions New low-income housing programs moved the system away from public housing towards somewhat more cost- effective privately-owned subsidized housing projects and much more cost- effective housing voucher program

4. Anticipated Conclusions The movement away from public housing also increased recipient choice and reduced racial and economic segregation 1968 Fair Housing Act surely had the same effect to some extent These changes had little effect on material deprivation

5. Outline of Paper Description of programs inherited Contemporaneous evidence on their effects Reasons for dissatisfaction with them Beliefs about why new programs would perform better Later evidence on performance of inherited and new programs Effects of new programs on evolution of place-based economic development programs and low-income housing assistance

6. Economic Development Programs Nature of Programs Inherited Program Urban Renewal (1949-1974) New Programs Model Cities (1966-1974) EDA (1965-) Appalachian Regional Commission (1965-)

7. Low-Income Housing Programs Nature of Programs Inherited Programs Public Housing (1937-) New Programs Section 23 (1965-1974) Section 236 (1968-1973) Section 235 (1968-1973, 1975-1987)

8. 1968 Fair Housing Act What was its effect on racial segregation in housing?