1. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) ‘Management of Waste’ By; Mrs Hafiza Binti Shukor

2. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) In-Plant Control 1.Good housekeeping –avoid accidental spills. 2.Technical modification –increase efficiency equipment,less waste 3.Process modification-involving substitution of chemical which are less polluting & alternative process (clean process) 4.Reduction in consumption- water.chemical (less ww, lower pollutant concentration) 5.Maintenance of equipment-less wastage, avoid leakage, accurate flowrate. 6.Reconfiguration of the process- less waste, less pollutant concentration,etc 7.Minimize/optimize chemical dosage-less waste, less pollutant concantration.  Measures that can effectively reduce the extent of pollution causes by wastewater.

3. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) 8.Purify raw materials –lower pollutant in ww. 9.Training of employees- avoid wastage, better control of process, less waste. 10.Have company pollution prevention plant- avoid & minimize wastage @ pollution. 11.Recover valueble component of ww- avoid escape into the WWTP. 12.Spillage containment- avoid pollutant escape into the ww system. 13.Proper storage and handling- avoid spilling, accidental leakage. 14.Replacement of worn- out tanks, leaky pipes-avoid leaking and pollutants from entering the ww system. 15.Improve supervision.

4. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)  Is a procedure used to increase the solids content of sludge by removing a portion of the liquid fraction.  Is generally by physical means icluding co-settling, gravity settling, flotation, centrifugation, gravity belt, and rotatry drum. THICKENING  for volume reduction  reduce tank capacity and equipment required.  reduce chemical quantity required for sludge conditioning  reduce heat required by digesters  reduce auxiliary required for heat drying or incineration or both. AIMS?

5. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)  Gravity thickening  Centrifugal thickening  Gravity belt thickening  Flotation thickening  Rotary drum thickening Method of Thickening

6. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

7. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) Digestion? Many sludges are treated using a variety of digestion techniques, the purpose of which is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease- causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting.

8. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) ANAEROBIC DIGESTION  Is among the oldest processes used for the stabilization of solids and biosolids.  Involves the decomposition of organic matter and inorganic matter (principally sulfate) in the absence of molecular oxygen.  The major applications of anaerobic digestion are in the destabilization of concentrated sludge produced from the treatment of municipal or industrial ww.  Is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater.  As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere.  Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a renewable energy source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production helping replace fossil fuels.

9. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)  Also, the nutrient-rich digestater can be used as fertiliser.  The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials in order to break down insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates and make them available for other bacteria.  Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids.  Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.  Methanogens, finally are able to convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide

10. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) Anaerobic digestion & regenerative thermal oxidiser component of Lübeck mechanical biological treatment plant in Germany, 2007

11. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)  Aerobic digestion is a bacterial process occurring in the presence of oxygen.  Under aerobic conditions, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide.  Once there is a lack of organic matter, bacteria die and are used as food by other bacteria.  This stage of the process is known as endogenous respiration. Solids reduction occurs in this phase.  Because the aerobic digestion occurs much faster than anaerobic digestion, the capital costs of aerobic digestion are lower.  However, the operating costs are characteristically much greater for aerobic digestion because of energy costs for aeration needed to add oxygen to the process AEROBIC DIGESTION

12. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

13. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) THE END