1. BIOL 2041 Energy: Consumption and Sources Chapters 9 and 10

2. BIOL 2041 A brief history of energy In the beginning…… Here comes the sun Wood and muscle Fossil fuels (they ain’t makin’ any more of it) –Industrial Revolution –Coal, oil, natural gas The future –Renewable energy sources –Cleaner energy sources

3. BIOL 2041 Economics Modern economies –More industry  more energy

4. BIOL 2041 Ecological Foot Print Cultural Development Per capita energy use (MJ/day) Foraging20 Prim. Agriculture48 Ad. Agriculture104 Industrial308 Ad. Industrial1025

5. BIOL 2041 Economics Modern economies –More industry  more energy –Cheap, easy-to-handle, efficient fuel –Cars The price of oil (~$50/barrell)

6. BIOL 2041 How is energy used? Residential Industrial Transportation

7. BIOL 2041 Alternate fuel vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles –Electric – disadvantages –Gasoline – disadvantages –Merge in HEV Alternate fuels –Compressed Natural Gas –Methanol –Hydrogen –Propane

8. BIOL 2041 China Far more fuel efficient per capita Rapidly industrializing Potential for tremendous strain on world fuel reserves

9. BIOL 2041 Fuel Sources Non-renewable resources Renewable resources

10. BIOL 2041 Trends and OPEC Know the historical trends (pg. 185-191) 75% of the world’s oil reserves –60% in Middle East Power of OPEC –Disunity –Other nations –Foreign policy

11. BIOL 2041 Resources and reserves Resource (Fig. 10.2) –Naturally occurring substance that can potentially be extracted Reserve –Know deposits from which materials can be extracted profitably with existing technology under certain economic conditions Hibernia Tar sands

12. BIOL 2041 Production, Consumption, and Reserves FuelCanadian Production ReservesReserve Life Coal (10 6 tonne) 75.18623114 Oil (10 6 m 3 )128.4144811 Natural Gas (10 9 m 3 ) 160.5180911 Freedman 2004

13. BIOL 2041 Potential Petroleum Reserves What is left?

14. BIOL 2041 Non-renewable Sources Formation (text 197-198) Coal (mining) –environmental –Health and safety –Acid deposition Petroleum (crude oil) –Extraction – less damage –Less pollution –Harder to find

15. BIOL 2041 History of leaded gasoline How old is the earth? –Clair Patterson Tetraeythl lead –Neuro-toxin –Eythl Gasoline Lead in atmosphere coincides with leaded gasoline Unleaded gas (1986 US, 1990 Canada)

16. BIOL 2041 Non-renewable Sources Coal (24%) Petroleum (crude oil – 40 %) Natural Gas (27%) –Extraction similar to oil –Difficult to transport –Least environmentally damaging Burning of all fuels -> Carbon Dioxide -> global warming

17. BIOL 2041 Renewable Sources Cost-effective? Types –Hydroelectric –Tidal –Geothermal (housing) –Wind –Solar new break through –Biomass conversion

18. BIOL 2041 Nuclear Energy Chapter 11

19. BIOL 2041 Overview History Cost/benefit Dangers/disposal

20. BIOL 2041 History Atomic bomb –Splitting of atoms –Atoms for peace Three Mile Island and Chernobyl Phasing out Nuclear fusion –Fusing of atoms

21. BIOL 2041 Costs/benefits Benefits –7% of world’s energy –Clean in the short-term Costs –Radiation –Thermal pollution –decommissioning

22. BIOL 2041 Waste Disposal What to do with transuranic waste? –Political problems –Geological problems –Transport problems Yucca Mountain