1. Chapter 14 The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans

2. Homo sapiens About 200,000 years ago, the first modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa.

3. Theories of Human Origins Complete Replacement Model Regional Continuity Model Partial Replacement Model

4. Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)

5. Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)

6. Partial Replacement Model (Assimilation) Postulates the earliest dates for African modern Homo sapiens at over 100,000 y.a. Initial dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens from South Africa was influenced by environmental conditions. Moving into Eurasia, modern humans hybridized with resident groups, eventually replacing them. The disappearance of archaic humans was due to hybridization and replacement.

7. Modern Humans From Africa and the Near East

8. Omo I Reconstructed skull of Omo I, an early modern human from Ethiopia, dated to 195 kya. Note the clear presence of a chin.

9. Herto Cranium From Ethiopia Herto cranium from Ethiopia, dated 160,000–154,000 ya. This is the best- preserved early modern H. sapiens cranium yet found.

10. Mt. Carmel Mt. Carmel, studded with caves, was home to H. sapiens sapiens at Skhu¯l (and to Neandertals at Tabun and Kebara).

11. Specimens from Israel (a) Skhu¯l 5. (b) Qafzeh 6. These specimens from Israel are thought to be representatives of early modern Homo sapiens. The vault height, forehead, and lack of prognathism are modern traits.

12. Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens (Asia and Australia).

13. Anatomically Modern Humans in Europe

14. Early Modern Homo Sapiens in Central Europe The Mlade c (a) and Dolní V estonice (b) crania, from the Czech Republic, are good examples of early modern Homo sapiens in central Europe.

15. Cro-Magnon I Cro-Magnon I (France). In this specimen, modern traits are quite clear. (a) Lateral view. (b) Frontal view.

16. Timeline for Modern Homo Sapiens Discoveries

17. Homo floresiensis Indonesia 95,000 – 17,000 YA Blend of species Cranial capacity 380-420 cm 3 Pathologies? Stone tool delima

18. The New World Ancestors of Native Americans reached the New World through migration over the Bering Land Bridge over many millennia. Debates continue, but at present, the only direct evidence of hominids in the New World date to about 12,000 y.a.

19. Anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Homo floresiensis

20. The Upper Paleolithic Cultural Revolution Cultural period began in western Europe approximately 40,000 years ago. Industries based on tool technologies Upper Paleolithic (beginnings)Cultural Periods 17,000 21,000 27,000 40,000 Magdalenian Solutrean Gravettian Aurignacian Chatelperronian Middle Paleolithic Mousterian

21. Upper Paleolithic Tools (a) Burin. A very common Upper Paleolithic tool. (b) Solutrean blade. This is the best-known work of the Solutrean tradition.

22. Hunting

23. The Punch Blade Technique (a) A large core is selected and the top portion is removed by use of a hammerstone.

24. The Punch Blade Technique (b) The objective is to create a flat surface called a striking platform.

25. The Punch Blade Technique (c) Next, the core is struck by use of a hammer and punch (made of bone or antler) to remove the long narrow flakes (called blades).

26. The Punch Blade Technique (d) Or the blades can be removed by pressure flaking.

27. The Punch Blade Technique (e) The result is the production of highly consistent sharp blades, which can be used, as is, as knives; or they can be further modified (retouched) to make a variety of other tools (such as burins, scrapers, and awls).

28. European Upper Paleolithic tools made from blade flakes

29. Tool Efficiency Over Time Paleolithic Tool Traditions In Europe Tool Tradition and Tool Category Length of Cutting Edge Per Pound of Stone (approximate) Increase in Efficiency Over Previous Technology (approximate) Oldowan choppers (Homo habilis) 2 inches (5 cm.) ------ Acheulian hand axes (Homo erectus) 8 inches (20 cm.) 400% Mousterian flake tools (Neandertal) 2 1/3 feet (100 cm.) 490% Upper Paleolithic blade flake tools (modern humans) 10-39 feet (300-1200 cm.) 300-1200% Sources: Watson, W. (1968) Flint Implements: An Account of Stone Age Techniques and Cultures; Hester, J. and J. Grady (1982) Introduction to Archaeology. tone.

30. Upper Paleolithic Art

31. Magdalenian Bone Artifact Note the realistic animal engraving on this object, the precise function of which is unknown.

32. Upper Paleolithic Grave Skeleton of two teenagers, a male and a female, from Sungir, Russia. Dated 24,000 ya, this is the richest find of any Upper Paleolithic grave.

33. Artifacts from the Middle Stone Age of Africa and the Upper Paleolithic in Europe

34. Social Changes Population increase Efficient subsistence Life expectancy Increase in family size