1. Animal Characteristics Sponges and Cnidarians
Zoology

2. Characteristics of Animals
1. Multicellular, eukaryotes
2. Heterotrophs
3. Cells w/out cell walls, many have specialized functions
4. Usually have a method of movement
5. Most reproduce sexually
6. Require oxygen

3. Describe the Body Plans of Animals
1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions
a. Asymmetrical:have irregularly shaped bodies, no symmetry

4. b. Radial symmetry: can be divided along any plane to produce 2 halves which look alike
c. Bilateral: can be divided only one way to produce mirror image halves
Radial
Bilateral Symmetry
Posterior end
Dorsal
Ventral
Planes of Symmetry
Anterior end
Planes of symmetry

5. 2. Body arrangements:
a. anterior: head region b. posterior: tail region c. dorsal: back or top d. ventral: abdomen or bottom

6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera (“pore bearer”)
Simplest of all animals
Assymetrical
Sessile filter-feeders whose bodies have many pores
Obtain oxygen by filtering water
No nervous system or organ systems
No tissue organization
Acoelomates

7. SPONGES Digestion: NO SYSTEM filter feeders - chooanocytes
Excretion: NO SYSTEM Basic diffusion; wastes exit thru osculum
Circulation: NO SYSTEM- amoeboid cells
Respiration: NO SYS. diffusion-obtain oxygen from water
Reproduction: ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL

8. The Anatomy of a Sponge Outer epidermal layer
Section 26-2
Water flow
Osculum
Central cavity
Choanocyte
Pores
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte
Outer epidermal layer
jellylike middle layer ( amoeboid cells and spicules)
Spongocoel- inner cavity lined with choanocytes

9. Sponge Body Structures
A. Osculum: water exits-part of feeding
B. Pore cells (ostia): water enters-part of feeding
C. Collar cells:(choanocytes)- line interior, have flagella to filter food from water
D. Amoebocytes: carry nutrients from collar cells to body of the sponge
E. Spicules- support/skeleton
F. Epithelial cells-”skin”-support/protection

10. Simple Sponge Morphology
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Simple Sponge Morphology

11. Three Body Types(Forms)
Asconoid- simple- pore cells open directly into sponge
Syconoid- more complex- pore cells open into canals
Leuconoid- most complex- pore cells open into canals that open into chamber (ex. Bath sponge)

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Sponge Body Forms

13. Classes Calcarea- spicule made of calcium carbonate-
Hexactinellida- glass sponge (spicule-silicon)
Demospongia- “people’s sponge”, spicules are spongin (ex. Bath)

14. Class Calcarea Grantia
Small
Vase shape
Spicules of calcium carbonate
Straight or 3-4 rays

15. Class Hexactinellida Euplectella
Spicules
Siliceous
6 rays

16. Class Demospongiae Spongia
Spicules
Siliceous
spongin

17. Fig a

18. Sponge Reproduction Asexually:
Fragments break off and grow into new individuals
Buds form from sides of parent sponge, break offnew sponge
can grow back missing parts (regeneration)
Gemmules: During droughts or cold weather, some freshwater sponges produce internal buds called gemmules. A food-filled ball of amebocytes surrounded by a protective coat made of organic material and spicules

19. Sexually: Hermaphrodites: produce both eggs and sperm
Gametes are released into water (external fertilization)larva swim to new area

20. Lifestyle and Importance
Aquatic- mostly marine
sessile as adults with free living larva
Importance- As filter feeders, they clean water in ecosystem
Large sponges filter 1500 liters/day

21. Precambrian Before 670 MYA Porifera Platyhelmithes Mollusca Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Cnidaria
Nemertea
Annelida
Lophophores
Chordata
Precambrian
Before 670 MYA
Protozoans

22. How much did your brain “sponge” in?
What are the basic characteristics of Animals?
What does the word Porifera mean?
What type of structure?
provide the skeleton of a sponge?
Filter food out of the water?
Allows water to exit the sponge?
Class Hexactinellida has spicules made of?
How do sponges survive without body systems? (Be specific)

23. Hypothesis of Multicellularity
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Hypothesis of Multicellularity

24. Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria: “stinging cell” Hollow gut- (coel)
radial symmetry
Germ Layers: 2
epidermal
gastrodermal
NO ORGAN SYSTEMS
Segmentation: none
Coelom: Acoelomate
Movement: sessile or motile
Have tentacles- stinging cells found on tentacles

25. Structures:
One body opening (mouth) for food to enter and wastes to exit
Gastrovascular cavity: interior cavity where food is digested & nutrients are circulated around the body
Nerve net: net of nerves that allow impulses to travel around the body, senses the environment
NEMATOCYSTS tentacles that contain stinging cells(cnidocysts) used to capture and poison prey
Label the hydra on your notes!

27. Without Body Systems, how do they survive?
Nervous: Cephalization absent; Nerve Net-conducts impulses
Skeleton: Hydrostatic- water pressure maintains shape
Respiration: Oxygen diffuses into body from water
Digestion: one body opening for food & wastes
Excretion: none
Circulation: none
Reproduction: asexual and sexual, alternation of generations

28. Cnidarian Reproduction
Asexually: by budding
Sexually: in medusa form only, sperm and eggs are released into water (fertilized egg zygotelarvaadult)
Thousands of gametes are released at a time

29. Alternation of Generations:
Video: medusa releasing from polyp

31. Answer the following:
Explain why sponges and cnidarians release so many gametes into the water

32. Cnidarians: Body Forms
Polyp: body with tentacles hanging upward
Ex: hydra, sea anemone
video polyp predation
Medusa: body with tentacles hanging downward
Ex: jellyfish

33. Structure:The Polyp and Medusa Stages
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastroderm
Tentacles
Mouth/anus
Gastrovascular cavity
Mesoglea
Gastrovascular cavity
Mouth/anus
Tentacles
Medusa
Polyp
basal disc: sticky structure at the bottom of polyp ; sessile

34. Diploblastic - 2 germ layers
Epidermis - outer covering (ectoderm)
Mesoglea - middle non-living jelly-like layer
gastrovascular cavity (endoderm)

35. Classes of Cnidarians
Hydrozoa:fresh water and marine, polyp and medusa present ex. Hydra, man-o-war, Obelia
2. Scyphozoans: cup- large jellyfish ex. box
3. Anthozoans: flower -all marine -polyps only
Ex: corals, sea anemone
Riches of the sea
Video jewel anenome

36. Class Hydrozoa Freshwater & marine.
Medusa and polyp colonies which appear to be one organism-different types of polyps work together to serve the entire colony
Ex: Hydra, Obelia, Gonionemus
Physalia (portuguese-man-of-war)
Asexual repro.-budding.
Sexual repro. via gametes

37. Class Scyphozoa Scyph= “cup”
Large- Tentacles up to 70 meters in length
All marine
Independent medusa forms
Lack polyp stage or have for a very short time

38. Class Anthozoa ANTHO=“flower” All polyps-Medusa stage absent
Solitary or colonial
Some produce protective skeletons
All Marine

39. Class Anthozoa Sea Anemone

40. Class Anthozoa Metridium
Tentacles
Mouth
Pharynx
Septum
Gastrovascular cavity

41. Symbiosis

42. Class Anthozoa Corals Protective skeleton of calcium carbonate
Polyp retracts when not feeding

43. Corals Colony of interconnected polyps

44. Class Anthozoa Meandrina Brain Coral

45. Class Anthozoa Gorgonia Sea Fan

46. Class Anthozoa Tubipora Pipe Organ Coral

47. Class Anthozoa Actinodiscus Mushroom Coral

48. Class Anthozoa Acropora Staghorn Coral

49. Coral Reefs
Formed over thousands of years from successive layers of coral skeleton deposits (calcium carbonate forms underwater mountains of coral animal skeletons)
The underwater equivalent of the amazon jungle- very high species diversity and biomass
Reefs contain sponges, colonial hydrozoans, anemones, many varieties of coral, fish, many types of worms we’ve not discussed, not to mention bryozoans, ctenophores, protists, bacteria, etc etc..

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Coral Reef Ecosystem
Photo © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Barry Barker, Photographer

51. Coral Reefs
200 C or warmer water; large formations of calcium carbonate laid down by organisms over thousands of years

52. 1. Fringing Reef
Less than a quarter of a mile from shore

53. 2. Barrier Reef
Runs parallel to shore, has a wider and deeper lagoon

54. 3. Atoll Reef
Reef that circles a lagoon of water rather than an island

55. Here they are together…

56. Cladogram of Cnidaria Anthozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Medusa cuboidal
Loss of medusa
Hydrozoa
Polyp stage reduced
Septa divide gastrovascular cavity
Radial symmetry, cnidocytes, planula larva

57. The End

58. Phylum Ctenophora Characteristics All marine Includes comb jellies
Have eight rows of fused cilia called "comb rows"
Largest animal to move by cilia
Move by beating cilia
Lack cnidocytes but have cells sticky cells called colloblasts that bind to prey
Colloblasts located on two ribbon-like tentacles
Have sensory structure called apical organ to detect direction in the water
Most are hermaphrodites (make eggs & sperm)
Produce light by bioluminescence

59. Comb jellies