1. Section 3: The Diversity of Living Things
Chapter 4
Section 3: The Diversity of Living Things

2. Kingdoms 6 kingdoms Based on different characteristics
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants, Animals

3. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
2 different kingdoms, share similar characteristics
Microscopic, single-celled organisms
Usually have cell walls
Reproduce by dividing in half
Lack nuclei

4. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Archaebacteria: usually found in extreme places
Hot springs
Eubacteria: very common, can be found in soil and animal bodies
Commonly referred to as bacteria

5. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Bacteria and Environment
Some break down remains and wastes of other organisms and return nutrients to soils
Others recycle mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous
Allow organisms to extract nutrients from food (ex. E.coli)

6. Fungi Fungus: organism whose cells have nuclei and cell walls
Mushroom is reproductive structure of a fungus, rest is an underground network of fibers
Fungi get their food by releasing chemicals that help break down organic matter, and then absorbing the nutrients

7. Fungi Fungi and Environment Some cause disease Some add flavor to food
Break down the bodies and body parts of dead organisms
Some cause disease
Ex. Athletes foot
Some add flavor to food
Ex. Blue cheese, yeast

8. Protists
Protists: diverse group of one-celled organisms and their many-celled relatives
Amoeba- animal like
Kelp- plant like
Some are even fungi like!

9. Protists Most are single-celled microscopic organisms
Plasmodium- causes malaria
Algae- probably most important
Plant like protists that can make their own food using the sun’s energy
Range from kelp to phytoplankton
Sources of food and covert CO2 to O2

10. Plants
Plants: many-celled organisms that have cell walls and that make their own food using the sun’s energy
Need resources:
Sunlight, oxygen, carbon dioxide

11. Plants Roots: access water and nutrients in soil
Leaves: collect light and gases in air
Leaves and roots are connected by vascular tissue
System of tubes that carries water and food

12. Plants
Lower Plants
First land plants, had no vascular tissue, and swimming sperm
Could not grow large and had to live in damp places
Descendents: mosses
Ferns and club mosses were first of vascular plants

13. Plants
Gymnosperms
Pine trees and other evergreens with needle-like leaves (conifers- seeds inside cones)
Definition: woody plants that produce seeds, but their seeds are not enclosed in fruits

14. Plants
Gymnosperms
Can live in drier conditions because they produce pollen
Pollen: protects and moves sperm between plants
Produce seeds, which protect developing plants from drying out
Needle-like leaves loose little water

15. Plants
Angiosperms
Definition: flowering plants that produce seeds in fruits
Flower: reproductive structure of the plant
Produce pollen, some use insects to transfer
Most depend on animals to carry seeds (in fruits)

16. Animals Cannot make their own food; take in food from environment
Have no cell walls
More mobile, move around environment

17. Animals Invertebrates Definition: lack backbones
Many live attached to hard surfaces in the ocean and filter their food out of the water
Ex. Corals, worms, mollusks, squid, insects

18. Animals Invertebrates: Insects
More insects exist on earth than any other type of animal
Have a waterproof external skeleton; keeps them from loosing water
Move and reproduce quickly
Most can fly

19. Animals Invertebrates: Insects
Many insects and plants have evolved together and depend on each other to survive
Insects carry pollen to from male parts of a flower to female parts of a flower to fertilize a plant’s egg
Insects eat other insects, some considered pests, transmit disease

20. Animals Vertebrates Definition: animals that have backbones Include:
Fish: fist vertebrates
Amphibians: partially aquatic, return to water to lay eggs (toads, frogs salamanders)
Reptiles: complete life cycle on land (turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles)

21. Animals Vertebrates Include:
Birds: warm-blooded vertebrates with feathers, eggs have hard shells
Mammals: warm-blooded vertebrates that have fur and feed their young milk
Ability to maintain a high body temperature allows birds and mammals to live in cold areas