1. Review Hint game

2. Patriarchal Men as hunters Men as traders and warriors Men as head of family Societal Structure

3. River Valleys Yellow Indus Nile Where we find the earliest agricultural societies

4. Mesopotamia Sumer Babylonians In present day Iraq “between the rivers”

5. Pastoralism Fertile crescent goats Typically nomadic Horse peoples on the Asian steppe

6. City-state Sumer Sparta Maya Political structure: independent cities that had their own legal and social structure

7. Bronze Age Minoans Hittites Shang Ancient Egypt Age that predated the Iron Age

8. Hammurabi Ancient King of the Akkadians Law codes based on class

9. Phoenicians Carthage Sea People Alphabet

10. Nubians Connected Egypt to interior of Africa Ruled Egypt in 9 th C… the “Black Pharaohs of Egypt” Lived south of Egypt and had key cities such as Meroe People of the bow

11. Minoans Inhabited the Aegean Bronze Age civ Flush toilets Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from their capitol of Knossos on Crete

12. Diffusion Spread of ideas Spread of diseases Spread of… well, everything Ex: Bantu language and culture spread from W. Africa to all reaches of sub- Saharan Africa

13. Iron Age Assyrians First to initiate were the Hittites An age that first started with the Mycenaens Democratized metallurgy… but an age

14. Alexander the Great Macedonian Father was Phillip II Educated by Aristotle Conquered Persia, but died and opened the door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may have met him) Hellenized Persia Started the Greek Hellenistic Age

15. Hellenism Greek colonization of Persia and the Mediterranean Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East “Like Greece”

16. Classical Empires Before 600BCE Empires with strong militaries and centralized governments All pressured and defeated bypeoples from the Asian Steppe Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta

17. Rome Kingdom, Republic, Empire Italy City-state that grows to conquer most of Western Europe and the Mediterranean Split in two Defeated by barbarians

18. Mediterranean Trade Network on the Roman Lake Carthage and Rome attempt to control it

19. Punic Wars Rome vs Phoenicians… Phoenician Carthage, that is 2 nd one found Romans running from Hannibal and his elephants Third war Rome devastated Carthage

20. Augustus Adopted heir of Julius Caesar Octavian First emperor of Rome More stringent laws and focus on family values (Pater-familias) Ushers in the Pax Romana

21. Pax Romana Ushered in by Augustus Roman Peace Empire had expanded enough to create buffer states that provided security for citizens and merchants

22. Athens Greek city-state Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Early democracy Defeated the Persians at Marathon Eventually Persians burn this city to the ground… but then rebuild it.

23. Marathon Persian vs. Greek Athenian victory Angers Persia Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army in an attempt to defeat the Greeks

24. Maurya Empire Founder may have met Alexander Power Vacuum left by Alexander may have led to the rise of the Maurya

25. Celts First peoples to settle Europe Settled a land called Gual Eventually will make their way North to Ireland

26. Dynastic Cycle Continuation of norms in China From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui to Tang to Song… Probably the main reason that the fall of Western Europe was so much worse on the region than the fall of the Han in China Round and round she goes…

27. Zhou Dynasty constantly at war Spring and Autumn period (don’t be fooled, kingdoms were warring) Warring States period (kingdoms banded together to form states and kept on fighting) Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!

28. Qin United China (of course it all falls apart a few more times) Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of China) Dynasty that followed Zhou

29. Han Strong centralized government Bureaucrats placed in high positions Strong military to defend their northern frontiers Founded by Liu Bang Dynasty that followed the Qin Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by some) led to their downfall

30. Vedic Age Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India and started this period Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda) Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan and Dravidian languages Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the Caste system

31. Caste System India Reinforced by Hinduism… especially reincarnation Rejected by Buddhism Class system

32. Constantinople Earlier known as Byzantium City on the Bosporus First Roman Christian City Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom) Taken by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul Founded by Constantine

33. Diaspora Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in 586BCE). Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in the Indian Ocean Africans brought to the New World and to areas of the Middle East Means dispersion

34. Gupta Classical Empire India Theater State Defeated by White Huns

35. The Huns From the Asian Steppe Pastoral nomads Pushed German tribes into Europe Attila

36. Germanization During and after the fall of Rome People groups entering Europe at the end of the Classical Age Changed the culture and structure of Europe: from Latin to German

37. Olmec Americas (Mesoamerica) Mother Culture Big Heads Were-jaguars and sacrifices

38. Dao Belief system in China The Way Harmony between humanity and nature Founded by Laozi

39. Apostle Paul Roman Citizen Spread Christianity Successfully set up churches in cosmopolitan Rome

40. Legalism Another response to the constant fighting during the Zhou Ideas embraced by the Qin Men need strict laws and strict leaders to function well in society

41. Judaism Belief system with origin in the Middle East Dualism Covenant between Hebrew people and God Abraham is the patriarch

42. Confucianism China Response to Warring States Period Social Harmony Created strict social hierarchy Examination system was based on these ideals

43. Hinduism India Polytheism Aryan origins Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs along with the Vedas Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and to S.E. Asia

44. Buddhism Indian Origin Response to Caste System and reincarnation Rejected by India Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia and E. Asia Rejected by the Tang Dynasty Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

45. Christianity Middle Eastern Origin During the Roman Empire Paul and others spread this belief system through the Eastern Mediterranean Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox and later Protestantism

46. Islam Middle Eastern Origin Arabian Peninsula Mecca Founder: Muhammad Spread through Anatolia, N. Africa and Spain in the 7 th and 8 th Centuries Spreads across the Indian Ocean Acheh Sultanate

47. Byzantine Empire Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Roman Empire Justinian and Theodora Defeated the Muslims in 717 Influenced Kiev, then Russia Fell in 1453 to Mehmet II (the Conqueror)

48. Justinian Eastern Roman Emperor Regained N. Africa and Rome Plague ravaged his Empire Wife was a former “dancer” He as a jerk (Nika Riots, caused by heavy taxation, ended in the slaughter of the rebel leaders)

49. Indian Ocean Trade Trade Network Becomes the most important trade network in the 8 th C. Engines of trade were India and China Trade entrepots found throughout Trade Diasporas Arabic becomes the dominant trade language

50. Great Schism Split in Christianity East vs. West Question that caused the split: Who should be head of the church? Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic

51. Mongols Pastoralists Opened trade from E. to W. Extended the silk routes Allowed for diffusion of goods, technologies and disease Conquered or controlled most of the people in Eurasia Established the Yuan Dynasty Defeated by Japan…twice

52. Eastern Orthodox Looks Greek Starts in Constantinople Emperor is political and religious head Kiev takes on this form of Christianity, which will continue East into Russia

53. Feudalism Social hierarchy Middle Ages Europe 15 th C. Japan knights=samurai Pyramid Structure Begins to die in Europe following the Black Death

54. Swahili Language Trade language East African Coast

55. Gunpowder Began in China Weaponized by Song Utilized effectively by Mongols Brought to Europe by Mongols European enhancement in this gave them an upper hand throughout the world Saltpeter, charcoal, sulfur

56. Tang China Capital Chang’an Tributary states Empress Wu (bodhisattva) Rejection of Buddhism After Sui, before Song

57. Ghana Empire in West Africa Means land of gold Captured by the Arabs Becomes predominantly Muslim

58. Mali Followed Ghana West Africa Mansu Musa Great trade City: Timbuktu

59. Bodhisattvas Mahayana Buddhism Empress Wu of the Tang Buddhists who stay behind to help others find nirvana

60. Song China Great manufacturing capacity Defeated by the Mongols Followed the Tang

61. Venitians Trade city Avoided the pitfalls of other European cities during the “Dark Ages” Monopolized trade flowing into Europe Chief competitor was the Ottoman Empire City in Italy (the armpit of Italy)

62. Yuan Dynasty in China Paper money Reunited China (once again) Strengthened the economy Founded by Kublai Mongol Dynasty in China

63. Timur Created his empire in the Middle East Followed in the shadow of the Mongols Emerged from a “power vacuum” Claimed to be a descendent of Genghis Defeated the Delhi Sultanate Laid the groundwork for the Mughal Empire Had a bad leg

64. Ming China Defeated the Mongols Kicked out the Yuan Sent Zheng He to the Indian Ocean on huge treasure junks Defeated by the Manchu

65. Aztec Mexican people Migrated south to Lake Texcoco Chief god was huitzilopochtli Capital: Tenochtitlan Used chinampas for agriculture Blood sacrifices were a part of life Defeated by Cortes

66. Delhi Sultanate India Followed the power vacuum left by the Gupta Brought Islamic rule to India Initially brutal, but later benign Defeated by Timur

67. Southernization After the fall of Rome Trade and power shifts towards the Middle East and Asia Indian ocean becomes most important trade network

68. Renaissance Rebirth …of Classical Age Muslims …Scholars in Baghdad save Greco-Roman writings Florence, then North Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, the Medici

69. Ibn Battuta Traveler Moroccan Dar al Islam May have made it to the Chinese Court (but probably not)

70. Vikings Northern Europe Raiders Reached height during the 9 th C Settled parts of E. Europe, Normandy in France and parts of present day UK Located and inhabited Iceland Found the Americas (Newfoundland) Eirik the Red

71. Black Death Diffusion Mongols and Caffa blamed Yersina Pestis It is the rat’s fault! 1/3 of Europe wiped out Gave peasants more power

72. Pax Mongolica Mongols Merchants could travel safely Wars on the Asian steppe halted Mongol Peace

73. Dar al Islam Areas of Islam Home of Islam Areas where Ibn Battatu traveled

74. Safavid Gunpowder Empire Shi’ite Iran

75. Columbus Italian Sails for Spain Crusader mentality 1492 Thought he was in India

76. Spanish Empire Charles V Armada Conquerors of the New World silver Philip II Decline following 1588

77. Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal and Spain Agreement Split the Atlantic

78. Small Pox Disease From cows Decimated the New World population

79. Enconmienda Forced labor system Employed by Inca Later used by Spanish to force individuals to work the silver mines

80. Armed Trading Started when Da Gama entered the Indian Ocean Common place in the Mediterranean Using force to control trade lanes

81. Silver Trade Gave Europe access to East Asian Markets Financed European wars Potosi played key role Manila Galleons

82. Mercantilism Control precious metals markets Horde wealth to strengthen military Economic policy employed by European nations

83. Sugar Caribbean islands Monoculture Triangle trade Byproduct  Molasses  Rum Rum for Slaves

84. Plantation Complex Monoculture Slave labor Cotton, sugar, tobacco South America, Caribbean, Southern US White owners ruling over slaves

85. Protestant Reformation Response Response to indulgences Response to Catholic emphasis on good works Martin Luther Split in European christianity

86. Anglican Church England Protestantism in England Established when Henry VIII wanted a divorce Church of England

87. Enlightenment Thinkers who argued against absolutism Right of the people Influenced the late 18 th C. early 19 th C. Revolutions Voltaire John Locke Jean Jacque Rousseau

88. Scientific Revolution European Astronomy Galileo Copernican universe

89. Jamestown Colony British First successful colony for the British in the New World John Smith Cannibalism and the starving time

90. monoculture One crop Sugar, tobacco, cotton plantation

91. Da Gama Portuguese Made his way into the Indian Ocean Started armed trading Attacked East African Coast and West India

92. Capitalism Investing capital Banks Free trade Anti-socialism

93. Songhai West Africa Followed Mali Muslim Defeated by European equipped Moroccan force in 1591