1. Skeletal System Overview
Biology 2121
Chapter 7

2. Study Guide Notes
1. You are responsible for any bone covered in the lab.
Bone location
General function(s) of bone
2. PP Notes
3. Review/Objective Notes

3. Introduction Skeletal System Functions Axial vs. Appendicular
Number of Bones
Functions
1. Support
2. Mineral and Lipid storage
3. Hematopoiesis
4. Protection
5. Leverage

4. Axial Skeleton – The Skull
22 facial and cranial bones
Cranium
(8) cranial bones
Thin, formed by intermembranous processes
Protection; attachment site for head and neck muscles
Encases the brain
2. Bones are held together by ‘sutures’
Coronal, saggitial, squamous, lambdoid
3. Facial Bones
(14) facial bones
Functions

5. Vertebral Column (26) bones total 2. Attachments 3. Discs
7 Cervical; 12 Thoracic; 5 Lumbar; sacrum and coccyx
Curvature
2. Attachments
Longitudinal ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
3. Discs
Gelatinous; collagen and fibrocartilage
Compressible
4. Structure and Differences
Differences between cervical, thoracic and lumbar sections
Vertebral Column

7. Sacrum and Coccyx 1. Sacrum 2. Coccyx (5) fused vertebrae
Sacral foramina
Sacral nerves; BVs
Sacral canal
Continuation of vertebral canal
Forms joint with hip bones (sacroilliac joint)
2. Coccyx
(4) fused vertebrae
Mostly ‘useless’

8. Thoracic Cage 1. Function 2. Sternum 3. Ribs
Protects heart, lungs, blood vessels
Supports shoulder girdles, upper limbs, attachments for muscles
2. Sternum
Attachment site for clavicles (clavicular notch)
Xiphoid process ossifies around ‘40’
Hematopoiesis
3. Ribs
(12) pairs; (7)-True; (5)-False; Last pair – Floating
Joined by costal cartilage
Thoracic Cage

9. Appendicular Skeleton – Pectoral Girdle
Pectoral ‘Shoulder’
Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton; muscle attachment
Clavicles
Articulates with scapulae and sternum
Anchor muscles (deltoid; pectoralis major); brace arms and shoulder
3. Scapulae
“spade or shovel”
Coracoid process (biceps; coracobrachialis)
Acromioclavicular joint

10. Upper, Lower Arm - Hand Humerus 2. Ulna and Radius
Tubercles (rotator cuff muscles); deltoid tuberosity (deltoid)
Condyles (capitulum and trochlea)
Epicondyles (muscle attachments)
2. Ulna and Radius
Ulna (elbow joint)
Radius (radial tuberosity – biceps)
3. Carpus-Metacarpus-Phalanges
8-carpal bones

11. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 1. Os coxae (hip bones) 2. Male vs. Female
Form pelvic girdle
Pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx = bony pelvis
Ilium; Ischium and Pubis
2. Male vs. Female
Male: cavity is narrow; deep; less tilt; heavier
Female: broad cavity; lighter; acetabula farther apart
3. Female and Childbirth
True pelvis (inlet and outlet) important for childbirth
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

12. Lower Limbs 1. Femur 2. Tibia and Fibula
Largest, longest, strongest bone in the human body
Trochanters (thigh and buttock muscles)
Epicondyles
Patella
2. Tibia and Fibula
Tibia: transfers weight of femur to foot; distal tibia articulates with talus of foot; medial malleolus (ankle)
Fibula: not weight bearing; muscular attachments
Lower Limbs

13. Foot 1. Tarsus 2. Metatarsus and Phalanges (7) tarsal bones
“talus” – ankle bone; “calcaneous” – heel
Cuboid, navicular and cuneiform bones
2. Metatarsus and Phalanges
(14) phalanges