1. Bones of the trunk

2. Skeletal system Your bones manufacture blood cells.
Our bones are held by our muscles
The smallest bones are in our ears

4. Bones classified by shape: long, short, flat,
irregular, round
Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous
with tendons and ligaments
blood vessels in periosteum
Epiphysis- ends
spongy bone contains red marrow
compact bone, articular cartilage
Diaphysis- middle
compact bone
medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat)
lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium)

6. Compact bone
osteocytes within lacunae
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae
This surround a central canal; complex is called
Haversian system
Canaliculi connect osteocytes to central canal and
to each other

8. Prenatal development
skeleton is mostly cartilaginous
Cartilage cells and then osteoblasts start to
deposit minerals
Cartilaginous disk (epiphyseal disk) remains
in epiphysis
Cells eventually stop dividing

10. Bursae & Tendon Sheaths
Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining
Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons
3 Factors in Joint Stability:
Muscle Tone
Ligaments
Fit of Articular Surface
pg 219

11. pg 224
Joint Shapes
Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other
angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal
Plane: articular surface in flat plane
Short gliding movement
(eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

12. Joint Shapes Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity
pg 225
Joint Shapes
Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity
side-to-side, back+forth movement
(eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament
rotation on long axis
(eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

14. Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
True ribs are directly attached to the sternum
(first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs

16. Clavicles and scapulae
Help brace shoulders
Attachment sites for muscles

18. Bones of upper limb
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius; ulna
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Bones of lower limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia, fibula
Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges

19. Radius and Ulna
Radius on Top
Ulna on Bottom

20. Carpals or (Wrist Bones)

21. Phalanges (Little Fingers)

22. Rib Cage

23. Sternum (Breastbone)

24. Characteristics - Ligaments
Ligaments hold the vertebral column in an upright position
The broad Anterior Longitudinal Ligament prevents hyperextension and is quite strong
The cord like Posterior Longitudinal Ligament prevents hyperflexion and is relatively weak

25. Characteristics - Ligaments
Ligaments also connect specific vertebra and support disc position
Supraspinos ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament

26. Intervertebral Discs
Intervertebral discs are cushion like pads interposed between vertebra
The discs provide elasticity and compressibility
Compression flattens discs
Discs are thickest in the cervical and lumbar to provide flexibility

27. Characteristics - discs
Annulus fibrosus surrounds the outer margin
Collagen fibers
Nucleus pulposus is the semi fluid substance which shifts under body weight & pressure
Herniation of disc
Herniation
of disk

28. General structure of vertebrae
Common pattern
Body or centrum
Vertebral arch
lamina
pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Muscles attach
Transverse process

29. General structure of vertebrae
Interlocking pattern
Superior and inferior processes interlock
The inferior from above and the superior from the vertebrae below form a movable joint
The movement contributes to spinal rotation
Superior Articular
Process

30. General structure
Pedicles have notches on their superior and inferior borders
Lateral openings are called intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerves from spinal cord exit through these foramina

31. Regional Characteristic: Cervical
Body is oval, but wide side to side C3 - C7
Spinous process is short and bifid (split) except in C7
Vertebral foramen is triangular
Transverse processes contain foramina for blood vessels leading to brain

32. Cervical Vertebrae C1
Lateral masses articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

33. Cervical Vertebrae C1
Body of the
Vertebrae is
missing
Inferior articular surface articulates with C2 below

34. Cervical Vertebrae C2
The axis has the odontoid process or dens is its unique feature
The dens is the missing body of the atlas which fuses with the atlas during embryonic development

35. Regional Characteristic: Cervical
Spinous processes project directly posteriorly
Superior facets directed superoposteriorly
Inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly
Flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation

36. Regional Characteristic: Thoracic
Body is larger than cervical; heart shaped
Spinous process is long and sharp
Vertebral foramen is circular
Transverse processes project posteriorly and bear facets for ribs

37. Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
Body is massive and kidney shaped
Spinous processes are short and blunt
Vertebral foramen is triangular
Transverse processes are perpendicular to spinous process but has no special features

38. Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
Spinous process projects posteriorly
Superior facets directed medially
Inferior facets directed laterally
Flexion/extension, some lateral flexion, rotation prevented

39. Sacral
Ala are fused remnants of transverse processes that articulate with hip bones to form the sacro iliac joints of the pelvis
Sacral promontory
Center of gravity is 1 cm posterior of this point
Transverse line are sites of vertebral fusion
Sacral foramina transmit blood vessels and nerves
Ala
Sacral
promontory

40. Sacral
On the posterior aspect median sacral crest are fused spinous processes
The vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the sacral canal
Sacral hiatus is at the inferior end of the sacral canal
Superior articular surface form a joint with the spinal column

41. Coccyx
Coccyx articulates with sacrum

42. Sternum Located on the anterior midline of the thorax
Consists of three fused bones; manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Manibrium articulates with clavicle & 2 ribs
Body with ribs 2 - 7
Xiphoid attachment site for abdominal muscle

43. Thorax to Vertebral Column

44. Ribs

45. Ribs Ribs are bowed flat bones Long shaft
Tear drop shaped with a costal groove on inner surface
Head of rib has 2 facets to articulate with its vertebrae as well as the one above

46. Ribs Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process
Ligaments secure rib to transverse process
Note how the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae are angled posteriorly

47. Pelvis (Dancing Bone)

48. Femur (Largest Bone in the Body)

49. The Tibia and Fibula

50. Metatarsals

51. Phalanges

52. Calcaneous