1. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY Human Migration

2. HUMAN BEINGS MOVE

3. Migration  Defined as a long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another.  Immigration: the process of individuals moving into a new country with the intention of remaining there.  Emigration: The process of moving out of a particular country, usually the individual person’s country of origin.

4.  I mmigration= I NSIDE  E migration= E XITING

5. Some Facts…  Today, more than 174 million people have moved outside the country in which they were born.  The number of migrants has more than doubled since 1975.  The United States attracts the most migrants of all countries in the world.

6.  With increasing immigration from developing countries into developed countries, it becomes harder to predict future population growth.

8. Migration Stream  Pathway from a place of origin to a destination.  Net in-migration= more immigrants than emigrants.  Net out-migration= more emigrants than immigrants.  What does this tell you about an area’s desirability?

9. political issues economic factors environmental issues cultural issues transportation routes What causes people to migrate?

10. Political Issues  Armed conflicts and policies of oppressive regimes.  The pilgrims, who sailed on the Mayflower to America  Forced migration of Native Americans as America expanded west…TRAIL OF TEARS (Indian Removal Act of 1830)

11. Economic Factors  Job opportunities, economic cycles of growth and recession, and cost of living.  Examples:  European immigrants coming to America in the early 19 th century (later generations also moved)  Mid-1990s San Francisco (Before and After)

12.  UNDERSTAND THAT:  Many countries are currently experiencing large rural to urban migrations as corporate farming and increased technology have reduced the number of agricultural laborers needed in rural areas.

13. Environmental Issues  Search for arable or fertile land  Nomadic herders in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Kenya  Desertification  Fleeing the city  Sierra Nevada range in California

14. Cultural Issues  Cause people to move to places where they feel more at home or where they were able to take advantage of certain institutions.  Post-WWII relocation of many Jewish people from Europe, the Americas, and elsewhere to Israel

15. Transportation Routes  Enable and entice people to migrate to new areas.  17 th and 18 th century- Better ships and more reliable navigation systems made safe travel across the Atlantic a possibility  19 th century- New stagecoach routes enabled many white settlers to move westward  20 th century- Roads constructed by the Brazilian government encouraged thousands of people to leave Brazil’s densely populated southeastern coast.

16. push factors pull factors Motivating Factors

17. Push Factors  Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as:  harsh climate  economic recession  political turmoil

18. Pull Factors  Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as:  pleasant climate  employment  educational opportunities

19. Voluntary vs Involuntary Migration

20. Voluntary Migration  Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area- the opposite of forced migration.

21.  Chain migration: the migration event in which individuals follow the migration path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.  Familial  Religious  Ethnic  Cultural

22. Involuntary Migration (Forced Migration)  The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will.  Between the 15 th and 18 th centuries- Slave trade of the Colonial Period  1830-Trail of Tears

23.  THE LARGEST FORCED MIGRATION OCCURRED WITH THE NORTH ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE, FORCING NEARLY 30 MILLION AFRICANS FROM THEIR HOMES.

24. Refugees  People who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are being officially relocated or enslaved.  International refugees= leave country  Intranational refugees= leave home but stay in country. Also referred to as internally displaced peoples.

25. Major regions of dislocation and refugees:  Sub-Saharan Africa Rwanda, Congo, Sudan etc.  Middle East Dislocation of Palestinians after the formation of the Israel. Dislocation of Kurdish people from the former Iraq Afghanistan during/after Soviet occupation in the 1980s.  Europe Fall of Yugoslavia  Southeast Asia Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar  South Asia Pakistan, Sri Lanka