1. Groups and Intergroup Relations: Canadian Perceptions

2.  This poll was conducted online in all regions of Canada with a representative sample of 2,345 Canadians, between September 20 th and October 3 th, 2011.  Final data was weighted by age, gender, language, level of education, regions and household composition (with or without children under the age of 18) in order to obtain a representative sample of the Canada population.  A probabilistic sample of 2,345 respondents would yield a margin of error of 2%, 19 times out of 20.  Survey respondents were selected randomly from the LegerWeb Internet panel, which has over 350,000 Canadian households. A stratification process was applied to invitation lists to ensure optimal representation of respondents. The panelists were recruited randomly from Leger Marketing telephone surveys. Several quality control measures ensure the representativeness and accuracy of Leger Marketing’s surveys with its panel members.  In the tables, the numbers in bold red indicate a significantly higher proportion than that of other groups. Numbers in bold blue indicate a significantly lower proportion than that of other groups.

3.  Perceptions of communities in Canada often reflect contemporary images held by the population and may have repercussions for full participation and inclusion by those groups that viewed negatively. Indeed it might be contended that the members of those communities that are very negatively risk confronting stigma within society. That which follows focuses on the one hand on perceptions of selected religious, ethnic groups and language groups and on the other the degree to which bilateral relationships between groups is seen positively or negatively.

4. TotalManWoman18-2425-3435-4445-5455-6465+ Chinese 75%77%72%71%73%72% 80% Protestants 74%75%73%61%71% 76%81%82% Blacks 74%75%73%69%75%74% 77%73% Hispanics/Latin Americans 74%75%73%69%73%74%73%78%75% Catholics 73%72%74%67%70%71%73% 81% Jews 72% 60%67%70% 78%83% Francophones 70%71%69%70%72% 68%69%70% Immigrants 68%69%66% 65% 63%73%74% Aboriginals 61%58%64%61%57%64%57%66%63% Atheists 60%63%57%65%66%61%60% 49% Muslims 43% 48%45%44%43%46%34% Would you rate your overall perception of the following as very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative or very negative?

5. Total Positive % English FrenchOtherMaritimesQCONMB/SKABBC Jews 78%60%68%72%58%78%77%74%73% Protestants 77%71%70%72%71%76%79%73% Blacks76%77%64%76%75%70%80%73%78% Hispanics/Latin Americans75%72%71%69%71%76%77%72% Immigrants75%72%71%69%71%76%77%72% Chinese74%79%71% 78%75%74%70%73% Catholics 71%81%72%66%81%74%71%68%66% Francophones62%95%66% 94%65%58%57%63% Aboriginals62%64%58%67%64%63%48%52%62% Atheists58%69%55%53%68%58%48%58%60% Muslims 45%34%44%48%35%45%39%48%46% Would you rate your overall perception of the following as very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative or very negative?

6.  The data around group perceptions is not disconnected from the perspective around intergroup relations. Canada’s multicultural policies and the objective of cohesion and societal harmony are often associated with addressing problematic relationships. Below, we examine the perceived state of six relationships that are generally considered the most challenging when attempting to build cohesion. These relationships look at religion, visible minority status, language, aboriginality and class. It is in these areas where some observers have spoken about “fault lines” that require response.

7. Very and Somewhat Positive TotalManWoman18-2425-3435-4445-5455-64 Relations between Visible Minorities and Whites 58%62%54%58%64%61%57% Relations Between Jews and non-Jews 56%57%54%49%55%53%51%59% Relations Between Francophones and non- Francophones 46%50%42%46%48%49%41%46% Relations Between Aboriginals and Non- Aboriginals 39%40%38%43%39%41%35%39% Relations Between Upper Class and Lower Class 36%40%33%39%36%35%37%36% Relations Between Muslims and Non-Muslims 30%33%27%34%37%32%30%28% Would you rate your overall perception of the following as very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative or very negative?

8. Total Positive EnglishFrenchOtherMaritimesQCONMB/SKABBC Relations Between Jews and non-Jews 60%47%52%55%45%62%56% 55% Relations between Visible Minorities and Whites 56%67%53%57%68%53%46%59% Relations Between Francophones and non- Francophones 39%59%50%44%61%43%28%35%45% Relations Between Aboriginals and non- Aboriginals 36%45%42%43%49%38%19%25%41% Relations Between Upper Class and Lower Class 34%36%44%33%38%37%34%35%36% Relations Between Muslims and Non- Muslims 29%28%33%34%30%29%25%27%31% Would you rate your overall perception of the following as very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative or very negative?

9. Total Positive USA Canada (after redistribution of percentage not giving a response) UK Relations between Muslims and Non-Muslims 303527 Relations between Jews and non-Jews 656355 Relations between upper class and lower class 404234 Would you rate your overall perception of the following as very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative or very negative?

10. Total Positive USA Canada (after redistribution of percentage not giving a response) UK Jews 838173 Immigrants 647544 Atheists 437168 Muslims 454844 Would you rate your overall perception of the following as very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative or very negative?

11.  The survey results suggest a shifting paradigm when it comes to perceptions about relations between visible minorities and whites as the basis for the major challenge going forward in addressing societal cohesion and cross-cultural understanding. Whereas as in the United States, concerns about the relations between African-Americans and Whites have been at the very centre of that country’s history. In Canada, relations between English and French have been seen as the principal challenge relative to achieving cohesion and stability. While that still remains a concern for many Canadians-more Anglophone than Francophone-it is the relationship between Muslims and non- Muslims and Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals that have emerged as greater concerns in the 21 st century. Relations on the basis of class have also emerged as a very central concern, a condition not confined to Canada as it is also a serious concern in the United States (where the “occupying Wall Street Movement is getting more attention) and even more so in the UK. In all three countries, it is relations between Muslims and non-Muslims that represent the population’s dominant concern.

12.  The results of the survey in Canada raise yet further issues about whether the concept of visible minorities which rolls together multiple groups remains pertinent as a means for understanding the collective perception and/or condition of persons that are not “white”. The categories are far too heterogeneous to properly assess the nature of the relationship and the very use of the concept may no longer provide meaningful insight into group vulnerabilities or prejudices. The ongoing vulnerability of persons of African descent and others may be diluted within that categorization as is to some degree that there is a cohesive non visible minority population. Prejudice on that basis of groups identified as visible minorities may also be shifting and that too might risk misleading us into dismissing the vulnerability of particular groups in a situation where relationships on the basis of class area growing concern.