1. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER 2 Law Enforcement Levels and Functions

2. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions I. Federal Agencies A. The Department of Homeland Security 1. Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 2. Bureau of Immigration and Customs (ICE) a. Primary enforcement agency of DHS b. Investigate terrorist financing, money laundering, illegal arms dealing 3. Five major divisions, or directorates

3. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 4. Border and Transportation Security a. Largest directorate b. Maintains Canadian and Mexican borders and shoreline c. Includes Customs and Border Protection, Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Federal Protective Service, Transportation Security Administration

4. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 5. Emergency Preparedness and Response a. Ensures that the nation is prepared for terrorist attacks and natural disasters b. Risk mitigation 6. Science and Technology a. Research and development 7. Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection a. Identify and assess intelligence information b. Protect cyber infrastructure

5. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 8. Management a. Ensures employees have necessary resources, means of communication, and clear responsibilities

6. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 9. Secret Service a. Protect the lives of top government officials and their families b. Originated in 1865 to fight counterfeiting c. Presidential security became a permanent function in 1951 d. Investigates credit card and debit card frauds

7. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions e. Investigates frauds relating to electronic fund transfers f. Testing a new methodology for protecting individuals g. Recently there was an increase in the budget h. There was also a severe loss in manpower i. Morale problems

8. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions B. Department of Justice 1. Federal Bureau of Investigation a. Became the FBI in 1935 b. Maintains 56 field offices and 400 resident agencies and more than 40 foreign liaison posts c. About 11,400 special agents

9. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions d. Protect the United States from terrorist attack e. Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage f. Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes g. Priorities changed after 9/11 h. Still continue to investigate bank robberies, white- collar crimes, organized crime

10. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions i. FBI crime lab Assists local and state police agencies with examination of evidence Assists local and state police agencies with examination of evidence Examines blood, hair, firearms, paint, handwriting, and other types of evidence Examines blood, hair, firearms, paint, handwriting, and other types of evidence Also looks at DNA, explosives, hairs and fibers, drugs Also looks at DNA, explosives, hairs and fibers, drugs

11. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions ii. National Academy First class graduated in 1935 First class graduated in 1935 Local police managers receive training Local police managers receive training Extensive professional training to national supervisory- level police officers Extensive professional training to national supervisory- level police officers iii. National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Maintains records of stolen property Maintains records of stolen property Records concerning missing persons Records concerning missing persons Information is available to local, state, and federal agencies in the United States and Canada Information is available to local, state, and federal agencies in the United States and Canada

12. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions iv. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Eight Part I offenses Eight Part I offenses Twenty-one Part II offenses Twenty-one Part II offenses Shortcomings of the UCR Shortcomings of the UCR  Not all crimes are reported to the police  The reporting system is voluntary  The reporting system is not uniform

13. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 2. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) a. Administers the U. S. Criminal Code concerning alcohol and tobacco b. Responsible for enforcing all the federal laws relating to firearms, explosives, and arson

14. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 3. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) a. Began with the passage of the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 b. It was unlawful for any nonregistered person to possess heroin, cocaine, opium, morphine, or any of their products c. In the 1920s, the focus was on Chinese immigrants suspected of importing opium

15. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions d. In 1920, the Volstead Act was enacted e. New authority because of the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act of 1922 f. Present DEA is a combination of the functions of several agencies g. Responsible for: i. Development of an overall federal drug-enforcement strategy

16. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions ii. Investigation and prosecution of suspects for violations of federal drug-trafficking laws iii. Investigation and prosecution of suspects connected with illicit drugs seized at the borders iv. Conduct relations with drug-enforcement authorities of foreign governments v. Cooperate with local and state agencies vi. Regulate the legal manufacture of drugs and other controlled substances

17. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 4. U. S. Marshals Service a. One of the oldest federal law enforcement agencies b. Established under the Judiciary Act of 1789 c. About 2,650 officers with arrest powers d. Virtually every federal law enforcement initiative involves the Marshals i. Produce prisoners for trial ii. Protect the courts, judges, attorneys, and witnesses iii. Track and arrest fugitives iv. Manage and dispose of seized drug assets

18. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions e. Special Operations Group f. Witness Protection Program C. Other related federal agencies 1. Central Intelligence Agency a. The National Security Act of 1947 established the National Security Counsel, which created the CIA in 1949 b. Most clandestine government service c. Undercover and covert operations around the world d. Deal with counterterrorism, counterintelligence, international organized crime, narcotics trafficking, arms control intelligence

19. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 2. Internal Revenue Service a. Main function is the monitoring and collection of federal income taxes b. Also investigates possible criminal violations of income tax laws c. IRS agents are armed d. Money-laundering investigations e. Wagering tax laws f. Conducts investigations related to the pornography industry g. Questionable Refund Program

20. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 3. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center a. Established in 1970 b. Offers law enforcement training for personnel from many federal agencies c. Provides training for about seventy-five U. S. federal law enforcement organizations

21. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions D. State and local agencies 1. State police a. About 56,000 full-time sworn personnel in 49 states b. Hawaii does not have a state police agency

22. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 2. Local police agencies a. About 441,000 full-time sworn officers b. General police responsibilities c. 15% of local agencies require recruits to have at least some college d. Two-thirds of all departments have full-time sworn officers engaged in community policing activities e. 75% use in-field computers or terminals

23. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Levels and Functions 3. Sheriff’s department a. 165,000 sworn personnel b. 11% require recruits to have some college c. About 62% engage in community policing d. 61% work in agency’s using in-field computers or terminals e. About 80% of the agencies operate jails

24. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER 4 Organization and Administration

25. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization I. Organizations and the Police A. What are Organizations? 1. Entities of two or more people who cooperate to accomplish an objective 2. Can be defined as arranging and utilizing resources of personnel and material in such a way as to attain specified objectives 3. Done with careful evaluation

26. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization B. Organizations as Bureaucracies 1. Share several traits a. People perform many different tasks toward a common goal b. Specialized tasks are placed in separate departments with a hierarchical structure and division of labor c. There is a clear chain of command d. Normally an abundance of written rules

27. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization II. Organizational Communication A. Definition and Characteristics 1. Communication is one of the most important dynamics of an organization 2. Studies have shown that communication is the primary problem in administration

28. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 3. Lack of communication is the primary complaint of employees 4. Elements of the communication process a. Encoding i. To translate an experience to symbols b. Transmission i. The translation of the encoded symbols into some behavior that another can observe ii. The actual articulation of the symbol into verbal or nonverbal observable behavior

29. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization c. Medium i. Includes any of the senses ii. The choice of the medium is very important d. Reception i. Symbols are conveyed to the receiver’s brain for interpretation

30. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization e. Decoding i. The receiver develops some meaning for the symbols ii. Translated into some concept or experience of the receiver f. Feedback i. The receiver provides some response back to the sender ii. Indicates if the symbols were interpreted as intended

31. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization B. Communication within Police Organizations 1. Five types of downward communication a. Job instruction i. Relating to the performance of a certain task b. Job rationale i. Relating a certain task to organizational tasks

32. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization c. Procedures and practice i. Relating to organizational policies, procedures, rules, and regulations d. Feedback i. Relating to how an individual performs an assigned task e. Indoctrination i. Designed to motivate the employee

33. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 2. Upward communication may encounter obstacles a. Physical distance between superior and subordinate impedes upward communication b. The complexity of the organization may cause delays in communication

34. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 3. Horizontal communication a. Thrives in an organization when formal channels are not open b. It is much easier and more natural to achieve than vertical communication c. Usually informal d. May provide emotional and social bonds that build morale and feelings of teamwork among employees

35. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 4. The Grapevine a. Fast b. Operates mostly at the place of work c. Supplements regular, formal communication d. Can be used by management to get a feeling for employees’ attitudes e. Can be used to spread information f. Can also carry lies and can be malicious

36. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 5. Written Communication a. Establishes a permanent record b. Preferred medium in dealing with citizens and groups outside the agency c. Provides protection against legal action 6. Barriers to Effective Communication a. Poor listeners b. Time c. Too little or too much information d. Strained relationships

37. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization III. Police Agencies as Organizations A. Chain of Command 1. Most police organizations are based on traditional, pyramidal, quasi-military organizational structure 2. Rank hierarchy 3. Designates authority and responsibility

38. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization B. Organizational Structure 1. Every police agency has an organizational structure, regardless of the size of the police agency 2. Operations or line-element personnel a. Engaged in active police functions in the field b. May be divided into two categories i. Primary The patrol function The patrol function ii. Secondary Investigative and youth functions Investigative and youth functions

39. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 3. Support or nonline functions a. Two broad functions i. Staff or administrative services Involves personnel and recruitment, training, planning and research, public information services Involves personnel and recruitment, training, planning and research, public information services ii. Auxiliary or technical services Includes crime lab services, communications, records and identification Includes crime lab services, communications, records and identification

40. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 4. The larger the agency, the greater the need for specialization and the more vertical the organizational chart will become 5. Portland, Oregon organizational structure a. Designed to fulfill five functions i. Apportions the workload according to a logical plan ii. Definite lines of authority and responsibility iii. Specifies a unity of command iv. Places responsibility and authority v. Coordinates efforts of members to work in harmony

41. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization C. Unity of Command and Span of Control 1. Unity of command dictates that every officer should report to one and only one superior 2. Span of control refers to the number of subordinates one individual can effectively supervise

42. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization D. Organizational Policies and Procedures 1. The need for policies and procedures resulted from three developments a. Requirement for administrative due process in employee disciplinary matters b. The threat of civil litigation c. The trend toward accreditation of police agencies

43. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 2. Policies a. Quite general and serve as guides to thinking rather than action b. Reflect the purpose and philosophy of the organization 3. Procedures a. More detailed than policies b. Provide the preferred methods for handling matters pertaining to patrol, investigations, booking, etc 4. Rules and regulations a. Specific guidelines that leave or no latitude for individual discretion

44. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization IV. Contemporary Police Chiefs and Sheriffs A. Police Chief 1. Qualifications, Selection, and Tenure a. Qualifications vary by size and location of the department b. One study found that chiefs hired from outside the department were more highly educated than those hired from within

45. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization c. PERF survey found that chiefs in larger jurisdictions were more educated and more likely to have chosen from outside the agency d. Most chiefs spent less than five years in the position e. Job security ranges from full civil service protection to hiring and firing at the discretion of the mayor or city manager f. Growing trend toward a fixed term of office

46. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization B. Sheriff 1. Contemporary nature and functions a. Largely a political office b. Functions commonly associated with the office i. Maintaining and operating the jail ii. Serving civil processes iii. Collecting certain taxes and conducting real estate sales for the county iv. Performing routine order-maintenance duties v. Serving as the bailiff of the courts

47. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 2. Regional role differences a. In the East, the sheriff’s office is quite small and very political b. In the South, the office continues to be a strong law enforcement figure c. In the Midwest, some offices are similar to the eastern model while others are similar to the southern model d. In the West, the office resembles the Midwest sheriffs and is the chief law enforcement officer in the county

48. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization V. The Chief Executive Officer: A Model A. Applying the Mintzberg Model of CEOs 1. The interpersonal role a. Figurehead role i. Ceremonial functions, like riding in parades and attending civic events b. Leadership function i. Motivate and coordinate workers c. Liaison role i. Interact with other organizations and coordinate work flow

49. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 2. The informational role a. Monitoring/inspecting and disseminating information and acting as a spokesperson b. Getting information to the members of the department 3. The decision-maker role a. As entrepreneur, the CEO sells ideas to the governing board or the department b. As disturbance handler, the CEO may handle the minor to the major disturbances c. As resource allocator, the CEO must be aware of the budget d. As negotiator, the CEO may resolve differences and sit as a member of the negotiating team for labor relations

50. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization VI. Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants A. Some of the functions 1. Inspecting assigned operations 2. Reviewing and making recommendations on reports 3. Helping to develop plans 4. Preparing work schedules 5. Enforcing all laws and orders

51. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization VII. The First-Line Supervisor A. Sergeant 1. Tasks a. Supervising subordinates b. Disseminating information to subordinates c. Ensuring that orders are followed d. Reviewing reports e. Interpreting policies and informing subordinates

52. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization B. Types of supervisors 1. Traditional a. Law-enforcement oriented b. Expect subordinates to produce high levels of measurable activities c. Tend to place greater emphasis on punishment than rewards d. See their primary role as controlling subordinates

53. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 2. Innovative a. Most closely associated with community policing b. May be the opposite of the traditional supervisor c. Depend on developing relationships with subordinates d. Develop officers so they can solve problems and have good relations with citizens

54. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organization 3. Supportive a. Concerned with relationships b. Concerned with protecting officers from what they view as unfair management practices c. See themselves as one of the troops d. Fail to emphasis departmental goals and responsibilities

55. Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 4. Active a. Active in the field b. Hardworking and competent c. May not give the subordinates the chance to develop d. May be the most effective form of supervision Organization