1. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop/ Station Design & Access Unit 6: Station Design & Access

2. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Three Main Considerations Station Types and Configuration – Structure based on transit type Vehicle Circulation – Number and movement of buses Passenger Circulation – Number and movement of riders

3. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood STATION TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS

4. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Bus Stops Located along streets Consist of – Waiting area on public sidewalk – Signage to mark stop – Lighting – Sometimes amenities

5. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood ADA Compliant Bus Stop Pad Firm, stable surface Clear dimension of 96 by 60 in. No steeper than 1:48 slope

6. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood ADA Compliant Bus Shelters Connected to accessible routes Signage at shelters and stops is highly visible Low-level platforms 8” above top of rail or coordinated with typical vehicle floor

7. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood DISCUSSION QUESTION What works with this solar-powered bus stop?

8. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Transit Centers Multiple bus routes converge to transfer Layover area for bus routes Transfer to rail, intercity bus, park and ride Located off-street Wayfinding Larger or more elaborate shelter and amenities Driver break room and restrooms

9. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Busway and BRT Stations Along roadways (on of off-street) More elaborate 40 to 100 ft Amenities Possible vertical circulation Fare collection

10. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Vancouver BRT

11. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Eugene BRT

12. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Light Rail Stations 180 to 400 ft Center, side, or split On-street, off-street, rail ROW, transit mall High or low platforms Usually include canopies, limited seating, TVM More amenities

13. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Heavy Rail / AGT Stations More elaborate High-level platforms due to third-rail power Platform screen doors to control access Often underground or elevated Center or side platform 600 to 800 ft long Fare control Possible parking Other amenities

14. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Commuter Rail Stations Wide range – Suburban locations with one or two platforms – Major urban terminals with many tracks and platforms Center or side platforms or combination Passenger and freight 300 to >1,000 ft Heavy park-n-ride Often amenities Can be complex passenger interactions

15. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Possible Amenities AmenityAdvantagesDisadvantages SheltersComfort, protection from climate, identify stop Maintenance, graffiti, visual impact BenchesComfort, identify stop, lower costMaintenance, graffiti, no climate protection Lean BarsSome comfort, lower cost, less spaceNot as comfortable, maintenance LightingVisibility, securityPower, maintenance, cost MapsInfo on transit, areaPeriodic updating Real-time Arrival InfoPerceived reliability, wait timePower, communications, maintenance, cost HeatComfort in coldPower, maintenance, cost, liability Vending machinesServices, revenueTrash, visual, vandalized TrashCleanliness,Cost, odor, security TelephonesConvienice, securityLoitering, cell phones negate ArtAestheticsPerceived wasteful cost

16. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood VEHICLE CIRCULATION

17. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Required Bus Berths At least two berths (one for each direction) Possible layover berths Based on recovery time divided by route headway times safety factor (1.2) Need to calculate for whole day and use the greatest plus growth room

18. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Bus Berth Designs

19. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Bus Berth Designs

20. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Private Vehicles Park-and-Ride – Per passenger rates of 0.4 – 0.6 Kiss-and-Ride – Average wait time 7-8 minutes Bike Parking

21. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Bike Parking Bike LockersBike Share

22. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Bike Parking

23. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood PASSENGER CIRCULATION

24. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Station Access Includes Many Aspects Sufficient safe space for movement – Horizontal Space Corridor widths Doorways – Vertical Space Stairway widths Escalators Efficient time for purchasing and collecting fares – Number of ticket machines – Number of fare gates

25. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Decisions Based on Walkway LOS

26. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Pedestrian Speed

27. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Pedestrian Circulation Terms Pedestrian capacity: max people occupying or passing through facility (persons / area / min) – “absolute” capacity - max possible – “design” capacity – max desirable Pedestrian speed: average or range of walking speed (f/s or m/s) Pedestrian flow rate: peds per unit time passing a point (escalator, fare control gate, etc) – Pedestrian flow per unit width (walkway width in in, ft, or m

28. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Pedestrian Circulation Terms (cont’d) Pedestrian density: average number of persons per area within a walkway or queuing area Pedestrian space per person: average area for each pedestrian – Inverse of density – Varies by activity and characteristics of peds Pedestrian time-space: space required multiplied by time spent doing activity in area Effective width or area: walkway or stairway space actually used by pedestrians

29. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Design Capacities Passenger demand volumes under typical peak-period Additional demand from service disruptions and special events Emergency evacuation situations Breakdown in pedestrian flow occurs with dense crowding – Desirable pedestrian LOS – Not max pedestrian capacity

30. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Horizontal Circulation Walkways Multi-activity Passenger Circulation Moving Walkways – Same as walkways

31. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Steps to Determine Required Walkway Width 1.Choose analysis period (15 min or less) 2.Based on the desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate (p/ft/min or p/m/min) 3.Estimate ped demand 4.Compute design ped flow (p/min) by dividing the demand by # minutes. 5.Compute required effective width of walkway (in feet or meters) by dividing design ped flow by the max ped flow rate. 6.Compute the total width of walkway (in feet or meters) by adding 2 to 3 ft (0.6 29 to 1.0 m), with a 12- to 18-in. (0.3- to 0.5-m) buffer on each side to the effective width of walkway.

32. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Steps to Determine the Required Doorways 1.Based on the desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate 2.Choose analysis period (15 min or less) 3.Estimate pedestrian demand 4.Compute the design pedestrian flow (per/ min) by dividing the demand by # minutes. 5.Compute the required width of the doorway (in feet or meters) by dividing the design pedestrian flow by the maximum pedestrian flow rate. 6.Compute the number of doorway required by dividing the required entrance width by the width of one doorway (always round up). 7.Determine whether the design pedestrian flow exceeds the entrance capacity

33. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Doorway LOS

34. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Vertical Circulation Stairways Escalators Elevators 1.Entering / exiting 2.User characteristics (luggage) 3.Elevator travel time 4.Capacity Ramps – Use walkways

35. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Steps to Determine Required Stairway Width Two methods: 1.LOS Method 2.Pedestrian Paths Method

36. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Option 1: LOS Method 1.Based on desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate 2.Select analysis period 3.Estimate directional ped demand 4.Compute design ped flow (ped/min) by dividing the demand by # minutes 5.Compute required width (in ft or m) by dividing design ped flow by max ped flow 6.Increase the stairway width by one or more traffic lane (30 in) when reverse-flow pedestrian volumes occur frequently

37. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stairway LOS

38. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Option 2: Pedestrian Paths Method

39. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Steps to Determine the Required Escalators 1.Determine analysis period (15 min or less) 2.Estimate directional ped demand 3.Compute the design ped flow (ped / min) by dividing the demand by # minutes 4.Based on width and speed of escalator, choose nominal capacity (ped / min) 5.Compute # escalators by dividing the design pedestrian flow by the nominal capacity of one escalator, rounding up.

40. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Steps to Determine the Required Ticket Vending Machines Two methods (round up to at least 2) 1.Install sufficient TVMs so that peak-period queues do not exceed “tolerable” levels, except during periods of unusually high demand. 2.Install sufficient TVMs to meet off-peak demand, and supplement them with on-site fare sales during peak times. NTVM = # TVMs (round up), Parr = # arriving pass / hr pt = % purchasing ticket 3,600 = sec/hr tt = avg transaction time (sec/pass)

41. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Steps to Determine the Required Faregates 1.Choose analysis period (15 min or less) 2.Estimate ped demand 3.Compute design ped flow (pass / min) by dividing the demand by # minutes 4.Compute # gates, turnstiles, or combination required by dividing the pass flow by capacity of individual units (always round up or add one for each direction of flow)

42. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Faregate Capacity

43. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Conclusion It is important to design attractive stations in order to obtain ridership. Enough space should be given to vehicles and passengers to maneuver. Elements of a transit station such as corridors, fare boxes etc. have levels of service.

44. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Reference Materials in this lecture were taken from: TCRP Report 165, “Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3 rd edition”, 2013 TCRP Report 153, “Guidelines for providing access to public transportation stations” 2012. Manual, Highway Capacity. "HCM 2000." Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board (2000).