1. FCC Infrastructure & Operation studies: progress and outlook Philippe Lebrun, CERN on behalf of the FCC Infrastructure & Operation Working Group FCC Week 2015 Washington D.C., 23-27 March 2015

2. Scope The physics, detector and accelerator physics & technology parts of the FCC conceptual design are essentially site-independent They are to be complemented by a study of the implantation and infrastructure for the 80 km to 100 km perimeter ring in the neighbourhood of CERN This would permit optimal re-use of the existing infrastructure, a strong asset of a CERN-based FCC The study should also address integration, installation, computing and control, as well as operational aspects including reliability/availability, power/energy consumption and safety Together with the detector and accelerator parts of the FCC conceptual design, the infrastructure study is an essential input to the cost, schedule and risk assessments, as well as to the future environmental impact assessment Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC2

3. Basic input to FCC Infrastructure & Operation Quasi-circular tunnel of 80 to 100 km perimeter Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC3 e+ e- collider Collision energy 90 to 350 GeV Very high luminosity e+ e- collider Collision energy 90 to 350 GeV Very high luminosity Hadron collider 16 T  100 TeV for 100 km 20 T  100 TeV for 80 km Hadron collider 16 T  100 TeV for 100 km 20 T  100 TeV for 80 km

4. Infrastructure is a cost driver Cost structure of high-energy accelerators Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC4 CLIC 500 ≡ “green field” LHC “green field” (reconstructed)

5. Accelerator design roadmap “Waterfall” vs “concurrent” engineering Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC5 Accelerator physics Accelerator physics Accelerator technology Accelerator technology Infrastructure Cost & Schedule Environmental impact Safety Power & Energy Performance targets Reliability & availability

6. Infrastructure & Operation topics Geology & civil engineering Integration Electrical distribution Cryogenics Cooling & ventilation Transport & handling Installation Survey & alignment Controls Power/energy consumption Availability & reliability General safety Radiation protection Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC6

7. Topographical constraints Plaine du genevois 350 – 550 m/mer Mont Salève 550 - 1380 Lac Léman 300 – 372 m/mer Mandallaz Bornes – Aravis 600 – 2500 m/mer Plateau du Mont Sion 550 – 860 m/mer Pré-Alpes du Chablais 600 – 2500 m/mer Vallon des Usses 380 – 500 m/mer Vallée du Rhône  330 m/mer Valée de l’Arve 400 – 600 m/mer Massif du Jura 550 – 1720 m/mer Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC7 ___  260 m/mer ___  170 m/mer Rhône & Usses canyons Lake crossing Evires pass

8. Geological context Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC8 MOLASSE (Grès, Marnes) TERRAINS MEUBLES (Moraine, Alluvions) Karsts CALCAIRE

9. Updated model of molasse layer (from test drillings and seismic logs) Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC9 Tertiary-quaternary interface (top of molasse layer) Cretaceous-tertiary interface (bottom of molasse layer)

10. Hydrography Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC10 Aquifers in quaternary layersKarstic networks… …more or less plugged off!

11. Man-made hazards Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC11 Gas pipe-lines

12. 3D digital model of local geology GIS decision-aid tool for tunnel siting Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC12 ARUP

13. FCC 93 km perimeter Possible siting Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC13

14. FCC 100 km perimeter Possible siting Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC14

15. Geology & Civil Engineering Next steps –Optimization algorithms (maximum gradient and/or genetic) for optimization of tunnel siting based on 3D model and GIS tool –CE studies on tunnelling options (shallow crossing of lake), access shaft/ramp construction, deep underground caverns (risk of rock convergence), environmental aspects (handling of spoil), cost –Design criteria for experimental areas (underground caverns and surface buildings), functional analysis and preliminary layout drawings –Design criteria for technical areas (underground caverns and surface buildings), functional analysis and preliminary layout drawings Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC15 J. Osborne, “Civil engineering & geology”, Thursday 26 March, 8h30

16. Tunnel footprint 4 values of perimeter considered, rational multiples of LHC taken as high- energy booster for FCC-hh –80.0 km –86.6 km –93.3 km –100.0 km Arc radius of curvature maximized –FCC-hh: to reach maximum beam energy at achievable magnetic field –FCC-ee: to reach maximum luminosity at 50 MW/beam synchrotron power Geometry –Experimental areas “clustered” and separated by short arcs, away from injection and collimation regions –Long straight sections for IRs and RF –Distribute RF in LSS to limit energy sawtoothing (FCC-ee) –Extended straight sections for FCC-hh collimation and extraction –Dispersion suppressors on either side of LSS and ESS –Very short technical straight sections between long arcs (FCC-hh) Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC16

17. Allocation of Straight Sections FCC-hh Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC17 INJ EXP INJ EXP COLL + EXTR SECTOR FEED/RETURN SECTOR FEED/RETURN SECTOR FEED/RETURN

18. Allocation of Straight Sections FCC-ee Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC18 INJ + RF EXP + RF COLL + EXTR + RF EXP + RF INJ + RF RF?

19. Space allocation in tunnel from functional and accessibility analysis Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC19 Machine zone Safety zone Technical zone

20. Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC20 FCC-hh arcs Single tunnel, longitudinal ventilation

21. FCC-hh arcs Double tunnel, longitudinal ventilation Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC21

22. Low-field dipoles for FCC-ee Benefits of a twin magnet Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC22 Return bars to contain stray field Separate magnets Twin magnet Half the conductor volume, half the power consumption Compatibility with handling of synchrotron radiation? e+ e-e+ e-

23. FCC-ee twin dipole Saves transverse space, capital cost and power Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC23 A. Milanese Parallel field in both apertures Powered by 4 bus bars instead of 8 for separate magnets

24. FCC-ee arcs Single tunnel, small beam spacing Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC24

25. FCC-ee long straight sections Single tunnel + klystron/modulator gallery Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC25

26. FCC-hh cryogenics First estimate of cryogenic heat loads LHC cryoplant State-of-the-art cryoplant LHC installed power Per arcFor FCC-hh (12 arcs) Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC26 L. Tavian, “Overview of FCC cryogenics”, Thursday 26 March, 10h30

27. FCC-hh cryogenics Cooling the beam screen Optimum beam screen temperature results from minimizing total entropic load For cold mass at 1.9 K, the optimum beam screen temperature is around 70-80 K but –Surface impedance increases with T –Forbidden ranges due to vacuum instabilities Favor the 40-60 K window This represents the largest load on the refrigeration plant (~100 MWe) Investigate non-conventional solutions for high efficiency (Turbo-Brayton with Ne-He mixtures) Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC27 Forbidden by vacuum and/or by surface impedance L. Tavian, “Cooling the FCC beam screens”, Thursday 26 March, 11h30 S. Klöppel, “Cryogenic refrigeration with Ne-He mixtures: roadmap and first results of the TU Dresden study”, Thursday 26 March, 11h10

28. Options for FCC cryogenic architecture Layout 1 Arc cooling 12 cryoplants 6 technical sites Layout 2 ½ arc cooling 12 cryoplants 12 technical sites Layout 3 ½ arc cooling 24 cryoplants 12 technical sites Cryoplant unit size beyond state-of-the-art Estimate 50 to 100 kW @ 4.5 K, including 10 kW @ 1.8 K Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC28 F. Millet, “Large-capacity helium refrigeration: from state-of-the-art towards FCC reference solutions”, Thursday 26 March, 10h50 F. Millet, “Study of a magnetic refrigeration stage”, Thursday 26 March, 9h25

29. Cryogenics Next steps –Heat loads: estimate heat inleaks based on conceptual design of machine cryostats, refine assessment of dynamic heat loads following progress of accelerator systems definition –Cooling schemes: explore variants for cooling schemes of superconducting accelerator components, beam screens/beam pipes, including non-conventional working fluids –Cryoplants: investigate options for increase of unit capacity and efficiency, including impacts on operability, CAPEX and OPEX; study implantation at ground level and underground –Cryogenic distribution: define pipe sizes, conceptual mechanical and thermal design of distribution lines, explore options of integrated piping vs external cryoline –Cryogen inventory: address issues of cryogen inventory management (initial fill, thermal transients, losses) Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC29

30. Vertical transport Limits on elevator and crane heights Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC30 Lift travel of ~ 500 m considered as maximum feasible with steel cable (safety factor of 12) Recent development of carbon-fiber ropes (KONE lifts) opens the way for lift travel of 1000 m or more Crane lifting height of ~ 3000 m currently feasible (offshore, mining) Few 100 m problematic with standard configuration EOTs

31. Horizontal transport Explore contactless powering of electrical vehicles Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC31 Continuous during travel Battery charge at parking Supercapacitor recharge at periodic stops

32. Personnel and equipment transport Next steps –Design options for elevators and cranes with large lifting heights –Technological watch on contactless guiding and powering of electrical vehicles –Study of “high”-velocity people mover in safe area of tunnel –Vertical/horizontal traffic & duty cycle optimization for access and installation phases –Remote/automated intervention systems –Robotics/remote handling for radiation-hot areas Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC32 I. Ruhl, “Transport & handling considerations”, Thursday 26 March, 8h50

33. Operational aspects Controls, RAMS, power consumption Beam dump Setup (Ramp down and Preparation for next fill) Injection Ramp Squeeze Collide Stable beams Energy Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC33 Ph. Gayet, “Control concepts for future circular accelerators: why it is not too early to speak about them”, Thursday 26 March, 13h30 Scale from LHC experience !

34. Reliability, availability, maintainability LHC experience, from Run 1 to HL-LHC R2E MITIGATIONS HL TARGET 2012 AVAILABILITY P. Sollander, “A key attribute of a Future Circular Collider: availability performance (RAMS)”, Thursday 26 March, 9h10 P. Sollander, “A key attribute of a Future Circular Collider: availability performance (RAMS)”, Thursday 26 March, 9h10 Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC34

35. Power and energy consumption Two approaches –Analytical: proper when PBS/WBS is known, from elementary values to aggregates by system to complete facility –Scaling from existing project: adapted to obtain a first estimate, must choose reference project(s) and scaling laws At present, use only scaling to get first estimates enabling to assess design options for utilities: cooling, ventilation and electricity distribution Reference installations –FCC-hh: LHC –FCC-ee: LEP, LEP2, recent developments in SC RF From power to energy –Investigate partial operation and standby modes –Explore options for energy efficiency and energy management Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC35 R. Steerenberg, “Preliminary power estimates for FCC-hh”, Thursday 26 March, 9h30

36. Utilities Feeding FCC from the HV network (Source: RTE) Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC36

37. Utilities Next steps –Electrical: collect requirements for normal, emergency and no-break power for the different systems; explore on-site and off-site distribution options (staging of voltages, network architecture including redundancy, location of substations, routing of lines) –Cooling and ventilation: collect requirements from technical systems, define different modes of operation and standby, establish general architecture of cooling (primary & secondary) and ventilation networks, study options for heat rejection and/or recovery Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC37

38. Safety & environment Longitudinal ventilation with smoke extraction Length of Smoke Compartment Dynamic Confinement Extraction duct Ø 1.2 m Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC38 u LbLb Region I Fr ≤ 0.9 Region II 0.9 ≤ Fr ≤ 10 Region III Fr > 10 H Forced ventilation StratificationMixing

39. Safety & environment Next steps –Develop safety studies in underground areas (MCA, fire containment, smoke/helium extraction, ODH, emergency access & egress) –Optimize sizing of cryogenic relief devices in two-phase & supercritical flow –Calculate radiation maps in and around tunnel(s) for personnel and equipment safety –Study radiological aspects of modified LHC as FCC-hh injector –Address environment protection, radiological & conventional –Prepare environmental impact study Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC39 A. Henriques, “Lessons learnt and new concepts for conventional safety in FCC”, Thursday 26 March, 13h50 M. Widorski, “Optimised civil engineering layout for radiation protection in FCC”, Thursday 26 March, 14h10

40. Summary Substantial progress in FCC Infrastructure & Operation studies, concurrently with developments in accelerator design and technology –Siting studies based on topography, hydrology and geological model of underground –Tunnel footprint and machine integration in tunnel cross-sections investigated –First sizing of cryogenic systems has allowed to identify areas for developments and establish collaborations –Unconventional transport and handling options studied –Operational aspects, including reliability, addressed via experience with existing machines (LHC) and scaling to FCC –Power and energy issues are being addressed, prerequisite to design of electrical distribution and cooling/ventilation systems –Novel safety aspects resulting from large size and high-energy and luminosity performance of the FCC machines In the second year of study, home in onto reference design of machines (with variants) enabling to refine configuration and sizing of infrastructure systems Welcome further development of external collaborations on both site-specific and site-independent topics Ph. LebrunFCC Week 2015 - Washington, DC40