1. POST-WWII DE- COLONIZATION IN AFRICA

2.  Movement to celebrate traditionalism in Africa (music, poetry, culture, and values)  Spreads through Africa  Nationalism SENEGAL: START OF THE NEGRITUDE MOVEMENT

3. EXPLOSION OF NEW NATIONS IN THE WORLD

4. AFRICA PRODUCED MANY NEWLY-INDEPENDENT NATIONS IN A VERY SHORT TIME

5. SOUTH AFRICA

6.  Boers vs. British (vs. natives)  1910 – S. Africa gains self-rule  To appease the Dutch, minority whites have all the power AWKWARD INDEPENDENCE

7.  In 1912 – African National Congress was established  Designed to unite the African people EARLY ATTEMPTS AT LIBERATION

8.  1948 – creates TOTAL separation of whites and blacks  No social contract  1959 Homeland  Blacks (75% of S. African population) crammed into 13% of territory APARTHEID

9.  1976 – Riots against school policies in Soweto leave 600 students dead  NECKLACING of complaint blacks AFRICANS FIGHT BACK

10.  Nelson Mandela  Civil Rights leader jailed for 27 years for speaking out against Apartheid  Stephen Biko (1977)  Civil Rights beaten to death WHILE in police custody CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS

11.  After Soweto, Mandela, Biko…Black erupt  1986 – State of Emergency  Desmond Tutu  Rallied world to boycott South African goods and isolate the nation  Olympic ban

12.  White S. African leader F.W. de Klerk bends to pressure, legalized ANC, and released Mandela from prison  Over next 18 months, apartheid broke apart  Plan a new vote 1989

13.  April 1994 Nelson Mandela elected president  1996 New Constitution is written  Problems today:  High crime – rape and murder worst on earth  Unemployment (40%) and Poverty (60%)  AIDS (millions infected) VICTORY AT LAST

14. 4 Corner Debate Nelson Mandela was seen to be a revolutionary leader but as a young man he was arrested for terroristic acts. The memory of Mandela is false. LEGACY OF APARTHEID

15. “When we moved in, it was as if we were competing over the killing…seeing people rolling around and screaming in agony, with no arms, no legs…We were not ourselves…We had been attacked by the devil.” RWANDA 1994

16.  Rwanda is 85% Hutu and 15% Tutsi  Under Belgian rule, Tutsis were privileged elite  After colonialism, majority Hutus wanted power…and revenge BACKGROUND TO CONFLICT

17.  6 August 1994 – Hutu president’s plane shot down  Tutsis blamed  Immediately Tutsis rounded up and killed  937,000 killed in 100 days THE GENOCIDE

18.  Hutu forces and Interahamwe militias led the massacres  Tutsis fought back, took control of Kigali in 1994  2,000,000 Hutus fled in fear THE FALLOUT

19.  Tutsi Paul Kagame new president  Hunting down genocide leaders  Interahamwe still trying to destabilize ENDING THE GENOCIDE

20. 4 Corner Debate African poverty and instability are a result of the faults of the Africans. Colonization can no longer be blamed for these issues. THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA

21. SUDAN AND DARFUR

22.  Christian and Muslim Black rebel in Darfur  Angry over Sudanese gov’t bias to majorities Arab Muslims  Created Sudanese Liberation Army SUDAN - 2003

23.  Sudanese gov’t bombs, then Janjaweed militias then do the dirty work  Denied by gov’t (but supported and armed by the official establishment)  Janjaweed Militia  Slaughter, sex camps, and pillaging  Refugee crisis GOVERNMENT RESPONSE

24.  300,000 killed  3,000,000 ethnically cleansed  200,000 refugees  Starvation and lawlessness GENOCIDE

25. 4 Corner Debate Darfur doesn’t matter.

26. OTHER ISSUES IN MODERN AFRICA

27. Global Water Stress Famine Famine FamineFamine - Ethiopia Famine (Band Aid, Live Aid, We Are the World, Hands Across America) Band AidLive AidWe Are the WorldBand AidLive AidWe Are the World FamineFamine - Ethiopia Famine (Band Aid, Live Aid, We Are the World, Hands Across America) Band AidLive AidWe Are the WorldBand AidLive AidWe Are the World

28.  Debt forgiveness concerts  Led by producer Bob Geldof (Live Aid) and Bono  African nations are in HUGE debt as they have borrowed money to develop LIVE 8