1. Production Systems There are four basic types of production system - each one can use a different type of machine and with different levels of automation. Which system is used depends generally on how many identical products are to be produced, and how continuous the production is to be. There are four basic types of production system - each one can use a different type of machine and with different levels of automation. Which system is used depends generally on how many identical products are to be produced, and how continuous the production is to be. Jobbing- making a one-off product Jobbing- making a one-off product Batch - making a specific quantity of a product Batch - making a specific quantity of a product Mass-Produced - high volume production Mass-Produced - high volume production Continuous – non-stop production 24hrs/day Continuous – non-stop production 24hrs/day

2. Production Systems 1. One-off or jobbing production is used to produce very small amounts or specialised products. This might mean producing a single piece of switch gear for a factory machine. Workers in this type of industry need to be highly skilled in a range of different areas and able to work on a number of aspects of the project. Examples include made—to-measure furniture and one-off buildings like the Millennium Dome. 1. One-off or jobbing production is used to produce very small amounts or specialised products. This might mean producing a single piece of switch gear for a factory machine. Workers in this type of industry need to be highly skilled in a range of different areas and able to work on a number of aspects of the project. Examples include made—to-measure furniture and one-off buildings like the Millennium Dome. Luxury and customised products

3. Production Systems 2. Batch production is the most common type of production in industry. It involves making a set number of exactly the same product. Some batches will be small, others could be thousands. Batch production might be used to make PCBs for aircraft controls, for example, or control panels for central-heating boilers. Makes a group of identical products

4. Production Systems 3. Mass or in-line production is used when very many identical products are required, such as cars, washing machines and fridges. The products are assembled as they flow along a production line. The operators tend to be semi-skilled. As well as expensive specialist equipment, a large work force is required. Production can be broken down to small repetitive task, therefore not necessary to employ skilled people. 3. Mass or in-line production is used when very many identical products are required, such as cars, washing machines and fridges. The products are assembled as they flow along a production line. The operators tend to be semi-skilled. As well as expensive specialist equipment, a large work force is required. Production can be broken down to small repetitive task, therefore not necessary to employ skilled people. Cheaper Identical Products

5. Production Systems 4. Continuous-flow production is where production is heavily automated and runs 24 hours per day. Continuous- flow production is used in oil refining and chemical processing. A considerable amount of electronic control is used in the running and monitoring of these plants. 4. Continuous-flow production is where production is heavily automated and runs 24 hours per day. Continuous- flow production is used in oil refining and chemical processing. A considerable amount of electronic control is used in the running and monitoring of these plants.

6. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in manufacturing High Low VolumeLowHigh Project Jobbing Batch Mass Continuous

7. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in manufacturing High Low VolumeLowHigh Project Process customized P/S devoted resources ill defined activities complex process long time period well defined start & end Construction Work Shipbuilding Installing Computer System Movie Production Companies Building Mass Rapid Transportation System Drilling Oil Wells

8. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in manufacturing High Low VolumeLowHigh Jobbing Process More products; smaller items Sharing of resources Low degree of repetition Fewer unpredictable circumstances Specialist Toolmakers Furniture Restorers Tickets Printer Social Events

9. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in manufacturing High Low VolumeLowHigh Batch Process More products in one batch Repetitive with large batches Can be used over wide range Different process routes Machine Tool Makers Component Parts Production Production of most Clothing Production of Gourmet Frozen Food

10. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in manufacturing High Low VolumeLowHigh Mass Process High volume/low variety Discrete products Repetitive Large predictability Automobile Plant Consumer Durables Mfg Food Processes (pizza’s) Beer Bottling

11. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in manufacturing High Low VolumeLowHigh Continuous Process Long production periods Liquid flow processing Capital intensive technologies Highly predictable flow Petrochemical Refineries Edible Oil Processing Steel Making Paper Making Electricity Utilities Beer Brewing

12. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in service operations High Low VolumeLowHigh Professional Services High customer contact High customization Highly adaptable Value adding in front-office People based High ratio of staff to customers Emphasis on process (how) Management Consultants Lawyer’s Practices Architects Auditors H&S Inspectors Computer Field Service Operations

13. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in service operations High Low VolumeLowHigh Service Shops Services by mix of front/back office People & Equipment based Product/Process emphasis Banking High Street Shops Tour Operators Car Rental Co’s Schools Travel Agents

14. Slack, a.o., Operations Management Variety Process types in service operations High Low VolumeLowHigh Mass Services Limited Customer Contact Time Little customization Equipment based Product oriented (what) Value adding in back-office Division of labor/mainly non-prof. Supermarkets National Rail Network Airport Telecom Library Television Station Police Service

15. CAD & CAM Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) CAM is essentially the use of automated machines that are controlled by computers. Some of the advantages of using computer-aided manufacturing are that CAM is essentially the use of automated machines that are controlled by computers. Some of the advantages of using computer-aided manufacturing are that machines can be quickly reprogrammed for each new batch of products machines can be quickly reprogrammed for each new batch of products consistent quality can be maintained consistent quality can be maintained specifications can be transmitted quickly from design to manufacturing, and from one machine to another specifications can be transmitted quickly from design to manufacturing, and from one machine to another machines can work continuously for long periods machines can work continuously for long periods work can be carried out in conditions which would be hazardous to humans work can be carried out in conditions which would be hazardous to humans Computer numerical control (CNC) Computer numerical control (CNC) When computers are used to carry out bespoke precision tasks, such as soldering circuit boards, this is called computer numerical control or CNC. CNC machines can be programmed and operated from computers or other microprocessor systems - either directly using a keyboard or keypad, or indirectly by means of disks, smart cards or other removable media. When computers are used to carry out bespoke precision tasks, such as soldering circuit boards, this is called computer numerical control or CNC. CNC machines can be programmed and operated from computers or other microprocessor systems - either directly using a keyboard or keypad, or indirectly by means of disks, smart cards or other removable media. In electronics CNC machines are used - among other applications - to 'populate' PCBs and solder the components in place. In electronics CNC machines are used - among other applications - to 'populate' PCBs and solder the components in place.