1. Professor David J. Francis Head Department of Peace Studies & Director John & Elnora Ferguson Centre for African Studies (JEFCAS) University of Bradford

2.  Security matters because: Important topic, if not, deadly concept in contemporary world politics today Lens to make sense of world politics and national & Regional Politics & Development issues Deadly concept because in the NAME of ‘security’, people are killed, raped, tortured, imprisoned, massacred, starved to death & denied access to basic necessities of life Africa today, most of the violent and anti- democratic actions by Governments and States are JUSTIFIED in the name of Security

3.  Security: means different things to different people, agencies, institutions & at different times Military, Security & Intelligence agencies have a particular understanding of ‘Security’ Politicians, Policy Analysts & Practitioners have different understanding of ‘Security’ Individuals & local communities, depending on their particular circumstances, have different understanding of ‘Security’ Academics have diverse interpretations of ‘Security’: o Barry Buzan, People, States & Fear (1991): 13 different definitions o Alan Collins, Contemporary Security Studies (2007): 9 different definitions

4. 1. Security: political connotation Plays important role in world politics Determines who Get What, When, Why & How Associated with High-Politics Become a powerful political tool used to set agenda: o President G. Bush’s ‘War on Terror’ after 9/11 o Boko Haram Terrorist threats in Nigeria & West Africa o Al Shabbab Terrorist threats & Piracy in Somalia, Horn of Africa & East Africa 2. Security: normative connotation Perceived as a good thing / a public good About protection, feeling safe, stability, order, peace & development Contradictions: attempt to protect some people, groups or states from fear may produce insecurity & fear in others 3. Security: practical implications ‘Security’ not simply an academic & intellectual pursuit About practical & policy interventions Achieving security for ‘Real People in Real situations’ Changing lives: positive social & political change

5.  Security is about: 1.‘Condition of being or feeling safe from harm or danger’ (Terriff et al, 1999) 2. Protection, preservation & removal of threats to ‘core values’ or ‘acquired values: Freedom, religious identity, identity as a nation & way of life 3.‘Conditions of human existence’, i.e. security is simply about Survival at state level, societal level, individual 4.More than ‘Survival’ because it is about emancipation (Ken Booth, ‘Security & Emancipation’ 1991)

6. 1.Accumulation of Power: More power one has (i.e. military power) the more secure Critique: asymmetrical wars, multiple security threats, terrorism 2.Emancipation: Freedom from life determining threats: e.g. poverty Freedom from FEAR & WANT Preoccupied with Justice & Human Rights

7. Security Studies is threats to survival but those threats are far reaching What Threats? Organised State Violence Beyond the State

8.  Paradigm Shift in Defining Security: From Traditional Military Concept of ‘Security’ to Soft-edged understanding of Security From State-centric understanding of security to Human Security - Change in Referent Object of Security  ‘Securitisation’ of Everything: What type of security are we talking about? Who decides what security means? Who determines the security agenda? ‘Security’ for WHOM, WHAT & for What Purpose? What is to be secured? How can security be achieved? Who pays for Security & at what cost?

9. Traditional SecurityNon-military Security 1. National Security 2. Common Security / Co-operative Security 3. Security Dilemma 4. Security Regime 5. Security Community 6. Collective Security 7. Regional Security Complex 8. International Security 1. Human Security 2. Societal Security 3. Global Security

10.  Arguments: 1. Africa demonstrates the limits of traditional & dominant approaches to security: Traditional approaches to security when applied to Africa fundamentally misrepresents & neglects the everyday realities of multiple Non-military sources of threat to security 2. The State in Africa has become a Source of insecurity & threat to peoples & societies: Violent & illegal activities of State Military & Security Agencies as well as Corrupt Ruling & Governing Elites

11.  Understanding the context & nature of security problematic in Africa: 1.Impact & legacies of: Slave trade economy Colonialism & Colonial Rule Cold War Politics Manner of incorporation of African into Global Economy (IDP & IDL)  Have all Created fundamental Structural problems All still continue to impact & determine how security is interpreted & responded to in Africa –E.g. French Colonial Pact in Africa 2.Security threat (s) in Africa not Homogenous or Uniform Different Regions faced with diverse Forms / Sources of threat to security 3.In context of Africa: Link between Military & Non-military Sources of threat to Security Non-military Sources of Threat to Security (e.g. Poverty) sometimes escalates into armed conflicts & wars Non-military dimensions of security have & continue to threaten individual & Societal Security just as National & State Security Nexus of Security & Development in context of Africa

13. Military Security Threats/Traditional Security Non-Military Threats / Non-Traditional Security  Wars and Armed Conflicts  Political Violence: e.g. post-election violence in Kenya 2007  Criminal Violence / Transboarder criminal violence  Terrorism / Militant & radical fundamentalism  Narco-violence (Narco-states): Guinea Bissau in West Africa Natural Disasters: Floods, Famine & Drought Health/Disease: HIV/AIDs pandemic Resource scarcity : Water & Land Environmental Degradation / Climate Change Poverty & underdevelopment: income & human poverty Internal Displacement, Forced Migration & Refugees

14. Resource Abundance Depressing Social & Development Indicators  Political Economy Indicators – Africa’s abundant Strategic Mineral Resources: 21 plus  Africa’s Collective GDP in 2008 alone was US $1.6 Trillion (roughly equals Brazil or Russia)  Projection of Africa’s Collective GDP by 2012 is US $2.6 Trillion –  10 of the World’s Top 20 Fastest Growing Economies are in Africa: Emerging Lion Economies  Estimated 60% of Population in SSA live on less than US $2 a day  Increasing Youth Unemployment & Joblessness (49.6%) – 60% of Africa 1 Billion Population Comprise Youth

15. Face of ‘Security’ in Africa Today?

16.  Link between : Freedom From WANT Freedom From FEAR Security Challenges in Africa Military Security Threats Non- military Security Threats

17. Oil Support for Dictatorship War on Terror Israel’s National Security Stability at All Cost

18. Policy Considerations:  Recognition by Military & Security Agencies of Inextricable LINK between Military Security Threats & Non-military Sources of Threat to Security  National / Regional Security Doctrine & Practice focus on LINK between Military Security Threats & Non- military Sources of Security  Requires Paradigm Shift in Training & Education of National & Regional Military & Security Agencies in Peacetime Democratic Africa  Recognition that long-term National & Regional Peace & Security cannot be achieved & maintained through the barrel of the gun