1. OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Appreciate the damage caused by forest insects. 2) Understand the multifaceted role of forest entomology and some of the factors involved in protection of forests and urban trees and the role of insects in the ecosystem. 3) Describe the development of forest entomology in Europe and North America. 4) Describe the contributions of the pioneers of forest entomology. 5) Identify the major trends of the profession. 6) Know some of the major sources of information on forest insects. 7) Discuss the scientific contributions and current research of the U.S. Forest Service. 8) Outline the current role of forest entomology in private and public

2. Definition of Forest Entomology The study of the Interrelationships of insects and trees Includes damaging and beneficial species Does not include all insects in the forest Only those that affect health and use of trees

3. Influence of Germans J. C. Schaffer - Early studies of Gypsy Moth J.T.C. Ratzeburg – Father of Forest Entomology

4. J.T.C. Ratzeburg The study of forest insects which have an influence on the thriving and the utility of those wood plants with which the forester is concerned

5. Forest Entomology in U.S. and Canada A. D. Hopkins - Considered Father of U.S. Forest Entomology: Bark Beetle Specialist

6. F.C. Craighead (left) and J.A. Beal - 1926

7. F.P. Keen

8. W. G. Wellington

9. Why Insects are Important in the Forests Their activities result in damage In 1950, Craighead estimated annual losses to be: Bark beetles -----------------------$20 million Defoliators -------------------------$20 million Forest Product pests --------------$60 million Shade and ornamental pests ----$100 million

10. Agents of Forest Destruction and proportion of growth loss in saw timber – Hepting & Jemison 1958

11. Historical Aspects Development of forest entomology

12. Forest Entomology Taxonomic/natural history phase Divergent phase Population Dynamics “Divergent” theories of population changes Density Independent factors Density Dependent factors Ecosystem analysis phase : Interrelationships of all environmental factors – Ecological webs, food chains, weather, etc Predictive Modeling Phase

13. Economic Impact of Forest Insects Mortality – reduce growing stock Delay stocking levels – Reproduction –Seeds, cones, seedlings Reduce radial/axial growth –Defoliation of leaves/killing of buds Deterioration –Loss of product value

14. Southern Pine Beetle Spot Insects Cause Damage: To trees

15. The Camphor Ambrosia Beetle: Xylosandrus mutilatus First found in Mississippi by Doug Stone and Evan Nebeker in 2002 Found in Alabama in 2004 attacking living oak trees.

16. Southern Pine Coneworm Insects Cause Damage: To Seeds and Cones

17. Damage of Southern Pine Coneworm

18. Shield-backed Pine Seed bug

19. Insects Cause Damage: To seedlings White Grub Adult White Grub Larva

22. Pales Weevil and Damage on Pine Seedling

23. Insects Cause Damage: To Wood Products Termites Damage Wooden Structures

24. Carpenter Ant & Damage

25. Southern Pine Beetle and Blue Stain Fungus Insects also Spread Disease

26. Dutch Elm Disease – vectored by Bark Beetles

27. Oak wilt causes tree mortality spread by Picnic Beetles

28. Beech Bark Disease is caused by a scale insect & fungus

29. Insects are Important in the Forest Beneficial: As plant pollinators in the forest As natural enemies of pest insects

30. Hover Flies Pollinate Many Flowers

31. Preying Mantid feeding on a katydid

32. Larva of Lady beetle feeding on aphids

33. Insects also provide fodder for Gary Larson and his cartoon humor

34. Important Insect Groups in the Forest Lepidoptera : The butterflies & Moths

35. Eastern tent caterpillar & tent

36. Eastern Tent Caterpillar Larva

37. Eastern Tent Caterpillar Adult Egg Mass

38. Coleoptera: The Beetles

39. Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis Family Cerambycidae

40. Hymenoptera: Bees, Wasps, Ants & Sawflies

41. Pine Sawfly Ovipositing Carpenter Bee Carpenter Ant Yellow Jacket Wasp

42. Homoptera-Hemiptera: Aphids, Adelgids, leafhoppers, & true bugs.

43. True bugs Leafhoppers Aphids

44. Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, Katydids, & Walking Sticks

45. Katydid Grasshopper Walking Stick

46. Diptera: Flies and Mosquitoes

47. Diptra: Cone gall midge and damage

48. Isoptera: Termites Termite Reproductives swarming

49. Termite soldier and workers

50. Insects Cause Damage Many Ways: Feeding Nest Building Oviposition

51. Tree Mortality caused by feeding of Adelgids

52. Nest building damage by carpenter ants

53. Oviposition damage caused by 13-Year Cicada

54. Twig Mortality caused by 13-Year Cicada

55. Approaches to Insect Control Natural Control Factors Weather Natural Enemies Cultural Control Resistance Stand Management Chemical Control Mechanical Control

57. Aphid lion (lacewing larva) and victim

58. Longleaf Pine is resistant to many insect enemies including Southern Pine Bark Beetles

59. Intermediate thinnings promote rapid growth and vigor and reduces stand susceptibility to southern pine beetle.

60. Insecticide Application in Seed Orchard

61. Spraying southern pine beetle infested logs

62. Use of pheromone “Repellent” verbenone to prevent bark beetle attacks

63. Mechanical removal of gypsy moth egg masses

64. Removal of Ips and pine beetle killed trees

65. Buffer zone stops/slows southern pine beetle advance

66. Forest Entomology – Applied Ecology Detection Identification Forecast – what will happen? Assessment – risk to forest Analysis of outbreak Recommendations/Management

67. Questions for Introduction to Forest Entomology: 1) Why did damage caused by forest insects in North America prompt development of forest entomology as an important discipline within silviculture? 2) Describe the evolution of forest entomology in Europe and later in North America. 3) What are the basic reasons insects are important in the forests? 4) In what ways do insects cause damage to forest trees? 5) What are the most important insect groups in the forests? 6) How does natural control differ from cultural control? 7) Why is chemical control not used more often to control forest pests? 8) Why will the future use of pesticides likely decline in the control of forests pests? 9) Describe how forest pest management will change in the future. What key biological or mathematical disciplines will be most important in pest management?