1. The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896
Cover Slide
The American Pageant
Chapter 26
The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution,
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2. Which tribe made a 1700 mile trek in an attempt to avoid being placed on reservations?
Who was the last Native American warrior to be “pacified”?
Who wrote A Century of Dishonor?
Cheyenne, Topeka, Abilene and Kansas City were all destinations on what?
What act of 1887 strove to forcibly-civilize and assimilate Native Americans by dissolving their tribal organizations?

4. ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE  END OF AMERICAN INDIAN WAY OF LIFE
Railroad  more settlers
Settlers  Barb wire, farm prairie grasses
Ranchers Cattle, graze on prairie grasses
Buffalo environment reduced  Buffalo die out
Buffalo hunted for pelts  Buffalo die out
(15 million reduced to 1,000 by 1885)
Less Buffalo  Less food for American Indians
Scarcity  Conflict among tribes and with Settlers
Conflict Am. Indians put on Reservations

5. Map: Agricultural Regions, 1889-1900
In the Pacific Northwest and east of the 28-inch-rainfall line, farmers could grow a greater variety of crops. Territory west of the line was either too mountainous or too arid to support agriculture without irrigation. The grasslands that once fed buffalo herds now could feed beef cattle.
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6. Indian “Pacification”
Fort Laramie Treaty 1851
Fort Atkinson Treaty 1853
 Led to Reservation System (= Boundaries)
PROBLEM: Ignored reality of migration of tribes, buffalo and especially settlers
BROKEN PROMISES: US did not respect terms of treaties, violated its own “boundaries” and failed to provide security and food to tribes.
Corrupt/”Christianizing” Indian Agents common.

7. Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868
Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
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8. Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890
Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation.
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9. Broken Promises American Indians, during the post Civil War era are:
Pressured by encroaching settlers, loss of land, decline in game
Broken treaties and corrupt govt. Indian Agents
 armed struggle and conflict

10. 1868-1890 : period of Indian Wars
1864: Chivington’s militia massacre 400+ women and children at Sand Creek, CO
1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT
1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s Bozeman Trail
1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills, SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Littl Big Horn
1877: Nez Perce lands appropriated for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease.
: Geronimo leads last resistance of Apache in South West.
NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

11. “Civilizing” the Indians
TERMS:
ASSIMILATION & AMERICANIZATION
(CONTRAST WITH SEGREGATION)
EXAMPLE:
1879: Carlisle Indian School,
- “Kill the Indian and Save the man”
- separate children from tribes, educate in - English and white man’s ways
- Jim Thorpe

12. 1887 Dawes Severalty Act  Forced Assimilation
GOAL:
Reward good behavior with land and citizenship
DETAILS:
160 acres per individual, title and citizenship in 25 years IF good behavior. (Citizenship not actually granted until 1924)
IMMEDIATE EFFECT:
Destroys tribal organization/power
Native American tribes loose 50% of reservation lands – principally to whom?
LONG TERM EFFECT:
Indian population slowly rises after 1890’s.

13. Map: The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889-1906
Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm.
What were “boomers” & “sooners”?
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15. 1890: Battle of Wounded Knee
GHOST DANCE:
“The whole world is coming, A nation is coming, a nation is coming, The eagle has brought the message to the tribe. The Father says so, the Father says so. Over the whole earth they are coming, The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming, The crow has brought the message to the tribe, The Father says so, the Father says so.”
MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300
NOTE!! NAIM at Smithsonian holds evidence from massacre.

16. THE END OF THE TRAIL
1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of Dishonor, and Ramona in 1884.
What was her argument? Its effect?
1890 – “Battle” of Wounded Knee
What did the US Census Bureau discover?
1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner writes “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.” (p. 621)
What is his thesis? Is it valid? What are the counter-arguments?

17. Mining
Railroads were the means to expand western settlement, mining provided the motive for many to move west.
Migration happened in “boom” and “bust” cycles:
1849 –California
1858/59–Colorado
1859 –Nevada’s Comstock Lode
– Klondike/Yukon Gold Rush
NOTE: Women followed the men and earned the right to vote out West first:
1869–Wyoming, 1870–Utah, 1893-Colorado, 1896-Idaho

18. Map: Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860-1890
The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick.
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19. Gold miners with sluice, c. 1850
At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri)
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20. Beef Bonanzas Ranchers CANNOT flourish without railroads.
Railroads provide means to bring cattle to market.
Meatpacking Industry created.
Swift and Armour devise means to can meat.
Kansas City and Chicago become nation’s abattoirs.
“Long Drive” and Age of Cowboys ends ( ) ironically, because of railroads.
Farmers fence in the frontier.

21. Map: Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1890
The West was not settled by a movement of peoples gradually creeping westward from the East. Rather, settlers first occupied California and the Midwest and then filled up the nation's vast interior.
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22. Roots of Populism

23. Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres for free IF
1. improve the land
2. pay $30
3. live there for 5 years OR
1. live there for 6 months
2. pay $1.25 and acre
500,000 families attempted homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed.
Corrupt corporations made biggest use of act for land-grabs.
SIGNIFICANCE: Encouraged rapid migration and made land and farms possible for many Americans without wealth.

24. Homestead Act of 1862
CATALYST: Iron plow makes farming prairie possible
RESULT: 500,000 families attempted homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed.
CAUSE: DROUGHT
- too many “sodbusters” attempt to farm west of 100th meridian
- 6 year drought in 1880’s
 “dry farming” will lead to “Great Dustbowl”
IRRIGATION eventually made settlement permanent.
IRONY: Corrupt corporations made biggest use of Act.

25. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," 1893
Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West....The frontier is the line of the most rapid and effective Americanization....The frontier promoted the formation of a composite nationality for the American people....The legislation which most developed the powers of the national government, and played the largest part in its activity, was conditioned on the frontier....The pioneer needed the goods of the coast, and so the grand series of internal improvements and railroad legislation began, with potent nationalizing effects....But the most important effect of the frontier has been the promotion of democracy here and in Europe. As has been indicated, the frontier is productive of individualism....It produces antipathy to control, and particularly to any direct control....The frontier states that came into the Union in the first quarter of a century of its existence came in with democratic suffrage provisions, and had reactive effects of the highest importance upon the older states To the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics. That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients....What the Mediterranean Sea was to the Greeks, breaking the bond of custom, offering new experiences, calling out new institutions and activities, that, and more, the ever retreating frontier has been to the United States directly, and to the nations of Europe more remotely. And now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history.

26. 1890: Closing of the West
Oklahoma, 1889 = last “land grab” of “free land” (land that had been Indian Territory)
By 1890, no “frontier” exists.
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893
DISCUSSION: Facts, Truths, Myths
Was the West a land of opportunity?
When was the West a land of opportunity?
Who won the West, really?
What about the “safety-valve” argument on page 614?

27. Farm becomes Factory
Self-sufficient farms give way to “cash-crop” farming
Mechanization transforms farms into big business
Farms must be thousands of acres to afford machinery costs
Refrigerated rail car= last invention/revolution needed to connect all farms to national economy

28. http://imagescn. technomuses

29. Deflation, Debt, Decline on the Grange
“cash-crops” ties farmers to world market
Lack of diversification leaves farms vulnerable to fluctuations in market.
Expensive machinery requires going into debt and good financial management – not all farmers are skilled enough in business
By 1890’s….
overproduction, debt AND deflation combined!!!
Hundreds of thousands of farms were foreclosed and farmers became TENANTS(=sharecroppers)

30. Map: The Development and Natural Resources of the West
By 1890 mining, lumbering, and cattle ranching had penetrated many areas west of the Mississippi River, and railroads had linked together the western economy. These characteristics, along with the spread of agriculture, contributed to the Census Bureau's observation that the frontier had disappeared; yet, as the map shows, large areas remain undeveloped.
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31. Coxey's Army
Coxey's Army
Jacob Coxey's "army" of the unemployed reaches the outskirts of Washington, D.C., in Note the new electrical or telephone poles. (Library of Congress)
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32. Who’s to blame? Pp. 617-618 Farmers themselves? Environment? Banks?
Government?
Trusts?

33. Roots of POPULISM FACT:
farmers comprise nearly 50% of US in 1890, but are too diverse, dispersed and disorganized to be an effective political force.
1867 Oliver Kelley formed the Grange, as social “glue” for isolated farmers
Grangers gradually politicize  control state legislatures in IL, WI, IA, MN & attempt to control fees set by railroad, warehouses, & grain elevators

34. Roots of POPULISM
1886: Supreme Court’s Wabash decision struck down Granger laws, Grangers decline afterwards
Grangers replaced by Greenback Labor Party, run unsuccessfully for presidency in Then decline.
Succeeded by Farmers’ Alliance, led by Mary E. Lease
Eventually, gains momentum. At its height, Farmers’ Alliance elects 4 governors and 40 congressmen.

35. OF NOTE…IN 1890 Closing of the Frontier Battle of Wounded Knee
First Billion dollar Congress in 1890
Dramatic expansion of pensions for the GAR
Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
McKinley Tariff of (48.4%!!!)

36. How did the McKinley Tariff change power in Congress in 1890?
ANSWER: High tariffs causes inflation, overproduction worsened as foreign buyers lost buying power.
Result  Republicans fall from 166 to 88 Congressmen, Democrats increase to 235.

37. Populists: p. 633-638 Gold, Silver, & Bi-metalism
1892: Grover Cleveland re-elected, after being defeated as an incumbent
Populist Party is founded.
1893: FOUR year depression hits country.
 US Treasury suffers a run on gold, Govt. threatened with insolvency.
CRISIS: East embraces gold currency standard
West embraces silver currency standard

38. What did the Populist Party want?
Free silver at 16:1
(HOW DOES THIS HELP FARMERS AND THE WEST?)
Graduated income tax
Govt. ownership of telephone, telegraph, and railroad.
Direct election of senators
One-term limit on presidency
Initiatives
Referendums
Shorter workday
Immigration restriction

39. Why didn’t the Populists win in 1892? (pp. 627)
ANSWER:
Eastern workers are nervous about deflation.
Black voters fall victim to race politics in the South.
LITERACY TEST
POLL TAX
GRANDFATHER CLAUSE

40. Cleveland and the Plutocrats?
Cleveland gets loan for US Treasury from JP Morgan and Wall Street
Populists and depressed masses cry foul
Cleveland supports big business and railroads:
Federal troops end Homestead Strike (1892) and Pullman Strike in 1894
First US of federal “injunction”
Eugene V. Debs arrested, becomes socialist in prison

41. King Debs
King Debs
This famous cartoon about the Pullman strike, originally published July 14, 1894, in Harper's Weekly, shows Eugene Debs, head of the American Railway Union, sitting atop a railway bridge that has been turned to cut off all rail traffic. The railroad cars behind him are labeled "fresh vegetables," "beef," and "fruit," to emphasize the perishable nature of the products that could not be delivered, and others are identified as "U.S. Mail." In the background, factories have "closed" signs on them. This cartoon, and others like it, helped to mobilize opinion against the strikers. (Library of Congress)
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43. Election of 1896 Cleveland has split his party
Democratic party defects from Cleveland, nominates William Jennings Bryan, Populists
Populists, issue and candidate stolen, merge/fade
Jennings makes “Cross of Gold” speech
Republicans nominate William McKinley
(supported by Marcus Alonzo Hanna, Big Business, and “Gold-bugs”)

47. Election of 1896 Why did McKinley win?
East out-populated the South and trans-Mississippi region.
Urban workers rejected Bryan’s inflationary measures.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Victory for big business, middle-class values, and conservatism – the “fourth party system” – p.637

48. 1900 Gold Standard Act 1897 – Depression ends
Gold discoveries in Alaska, Canada, and South Africa
Dollar is pegged to gold
Increased volume of gold allows for inflation w/o silver or bi-metalism

49. The Populists solution to the economic woes of farmers and miners was called bi__________.
The Supreme Court rejected “Granger” laws regulating the railroads in the ______ case.
William Jennings Bryan made a famous speech while running for president, the “______ of Gold.”
William McKinley was elected with the strong economic support of Mark _____.
The US government’s policy of “Americanization” was enshrined in the
_____ _______ Act of 1887.