1. Ch 14/15 Lecture
Evolution the Theory

2. First Spontaneous generation
____ experiment

3. ____________ Experiment

4. History
________
experiment

5. First Organisms
____________
Cyanobacteria
Made Oxygen

6. _____________ Theory

7. A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution
Aristotle and the Judeo-Christian culture ________ that species are fixed
Fossils suggested that life forms change
This idea was embraced by ________ in the early 1800s

8. While on the voyage of the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, Charles Darwin observed
similarities between ______ and fossil organisms
the diversity of life on the Galápagos Islands, such as blue-footed boobies and giant ________

9. The voyage of the ________
Great Britain
Europe
North America
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Africa
Galápagos Islands
Equator
South America
Australia
Andes
Cape of Good Hope
Tasmania
Cape Horn
New Zealand
Tierra del Fuego

10. Darwin became convinced that the Earth was old and continually _______
He concluded that living things also change, or evolve over generations: _______ advantage
He also stated that living species descended from earlier life-forms: descent with __________

11. Natural Selection ________ of the ________
Organisms which reproduce add to gene pool & __________

12. Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
DARWIN’S THEORY AND THE MODERN SYNTHESIS
Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
Darwin observed that
organisms produce more ________ than the environment can support
organisms vary in many __________
these variations can be _________

13. Darwin saw natural selection as the basic mechanism of evolution
Darwin concluded that individuals best suited for a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than those less well ________
Darwin saw natural selection as the basic mechanism of evolution
As a result, the proportion of individuals with __________ characteristics increases
Populations gradually change in response to the ___________

14. Darwin also saw that when humans choose organisms with specific characteristics as breeding stock, they are performing the role of the environment
This is called ________ selection
Example of artificial selection in plants: five vegetables derived from wild _________
Figure 13.4A

15. Example of artificial selection in animals: dog __________
English springer spaniel
German shepherd
Yorkshire terrier
Mini-dachshund
Golden retriever
Hundreds to thousands of years of breeding (artificial selection)
Ancestral dog

16. Thousands to millions of years of natural selection
These five canine species evolved from a common ancestor through natural selection
___________ radiation
African wild dog
Coyote
Fox
Wolf
Jackal
Thousands to millions of years of natural selection
Ancestral canine

17. Connection: Scientists can observe natural selection in action
Evolutionary adaptations have been observed in populations of birds, insects, and many other organisms
Example: camouflage adaptations of mantids that live in different environments

18. Insecticide application
The evolution of insecticide resistance is an example of natural selection in action
Chromosome with gene conferring resistance to insecticide
Insecticide application
Additional applications of the same insecticide will be less effective, and the frequency of resistant insects in the population will grow
Survivor

19. Connection: The evolution of antibiotic ___________ in bacteria is a serious public health concern
The excessive use of _________ is leading to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

20. A species is a group of populations whose individuals can ________ and produce ______ offspring
Human populations tend to concentrate locally, as this satellite photograph of North America shows
The modern synthesis connects Darwin’s theory of natural selection with population genetics
Figure 13.6

21. The gene pool of a nonevolving population remains constant over the generations
Hardy-Weinberg _________ states that the shuffling of genes during sexual reproduction does not alter the proportions of different alleles in a gene pool
To test this, let’s look at an imaginary, ________ population of blue-footed boobies
Webbing
No webbing

22. We can follow alleles in a population to observe if Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium exists
Phenotypes
Genotypes WW Ww ww
Number of animals (total = 500)
320
160 20
Genotype frequencies
320/500 = 0.64
160/500 = 0.32
20/500 = 0.04
Number of alleles in gene pool (total = 1,000)
640 W
160 W w
40 w
Allele frequencies
800/1,000 = 0.8 W
200/1,000 = 0.2 w

23. Recombination of alleles from parent generation
W sperm
p = 0.8
W egg
p = 0.8
SPERM
EGGS WW
p2 = 0.64
w sperm
q = 0.2
w egg
q = 0.2 WW
qp = 0.16 Ww
pq = 0.16 ww
q2 = 0.04
Next generation:
Genotype frequencies
0.64 WW
0.32 Ww
0.04 ww
Allele frequencies
0.8 W
0.2 w

24. ______ conditions are required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
The population is very _____
The population is _______
________ do not alter the gene pool
Mating is _________
All individuals are _______ in reproductive success

25. Divergent Evolution: _________ structures

26. Vestigial structure: _________ Evolution

27. __________ Evolution Analogous Structures
similar structures with different origins
Used to fly but not made of the same stuff.

28. Evolution Underground
Evolution has generally been thought of as a very _______process
However, examples of rapid evolution have been observed

29. One example of rapid evolution occurred among mosquitoes who ______ into the London underground
In less than 150 years, Culex pipiens evolved into a new mosquito species, Culex molestus
The origin of new species is called ________

30. The isolated mosquitoes adapted to their new underground environment
They altered their __________________ ________________________________
___________ barriers that isolate populations are just one of many mechanisms in the evolution of species

31. Geographic isolation can lead to speciation
MECHANISMS OF SPECIATION
When a population is cut off from its parent stock, species evolution may occur
An ______ population may become _________ unique as its gene pool is changed by natural selection, genetic drift, or mutation
This is called _________ speciation

32. Islands are living laboratories of speciation
On the Galápagos Islands, repeated isolation and adaptation have resulted in _________ radiation of ____ species of Darwin’s finches

33. __________ radiation on an island chain1
Species A from mainland 2 B A B 3 B B 4 C C C C D C D 5

34. Niche Every organism has a specific “______” and “____”
No two species can hold the same niche in the same place for a long period of time

35. ______ drift Random Change in Gene pool frequency
1 or 2 humps or tusks

36. There are several potential causes of microevolution
Genetic drift is a change in a gene pool due to chance
Genetic drift can cause the _____________
Hunting to extinction can cause bottleneck
Bottlenecking event
Original population
Surviving population

37. Reproductive barriers keep species separate
_________ and _________ reproductive barriers prevent individuals of different species from interbreeding

38. _____________ in blue-footed boobies is an example of one kind of prezygotic barrier, behavioral isolation
Many plant species have flower structures that are adapted to specific pollinators
This is an example of _________isolation, another prezygotic barrier

39. Hybrid sterility is one type of postzygotic barrier
A horse and a donkey may produce a hybrid offspring, a mule
Mules are _______

40. Sexual selection may produce sexual ___________
Sexual selection leads to the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics
These may give individuals an advantage in mating

41. How fast is Evolution?

42. Slow!!! __________ over billions of years slow changes
How fast is evolution?
Slow!!!
__________
over billions of years slow changes

43. Fast!!! How fast is evolution? ____________ equilibrium
short periods of quick change

44. Fast!!! _____________ death of many species opened space for new ones
How fast is evolution?
Fast!!!
_____________
death of many species opened space for new ones