1. 1 DNA Technology

2. 2 Genetic Engineering Using technology to manipulate the DNA of one organism by inserting DNA of another organismUsing technology to manipulate the DNA of one organism by inserting DNA of another organism Used for studying a particular gene, disease, or traitUsed for studying a particular gene, disease, or trait

3. 3 Recombinant DNA Combining fragments of DNA from one source with fragments of DNA from another source Usually involve the use of bacteria cells as the host –Plasmids – small, circular pieces of DNA in bacteria

4. 4 Cutting DNA Restriction enzymesRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences manageable fragmentsUseful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

5. 5 Restriction Enzymes The cut can be made straight across a base-pair sequence resulting - "Blunt End“The cut can be made straight across a base-pair sequence resulting - "Blunt End“ The cut can be made in an offset manner leaving exposed nucleotide sequences. These exposed sequences are called "Sticky Ends"The cut can be made in an offset manner leaving exposed nucleotide sequences. These exposed sequences are called "Sticky Ends" Blunt End Sticky end

6. 6 Recombinant DNA Process 1.Cut plasmid and DNA fragment from organism of choice with the same restriction enzyme 2.Join plasmid with DNA fragment using the enzyme DNA ligase (recombination) 3.Insert transformed plasmid back into bacteria cell

7. 7 Recombinant DNA Process 4.Bacteria molecules containing recombinant DNA grow making many copies of identical bacteria (cloning) 5.Isolate the gene copied in the bacteria

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10. 10 Electrophoresis size and chargeDNA can be separated based on size and charge phosphate groupsnegativelyThe phosphate groups are negatively charged gelelectricityDNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

11. 11 Electrophoresis Negative DNANegative DNA moves toward the positive end Smaller farther and fasterSmaller fragments move farther and faster

12. 12 Electrophoresis

13. 13 DNA Fingerprinting *Structural genes are often separated by large regions of repeating base pairs (junk DNA) *The number of these repeats is unique to an individual. *When DNA from a person is cut with a restriction enzyme, the length of the fragments will be unique to an individual.

14. 14 DNA Fingerprinting Contd… *This will produce a unique banding pattern when run on gel electrophoresis. *This test is highly accurate, and the probability of another individual possessing an identical banding pattern is estimated as around 1:14,000,000,000.

15. 15 DNA Fingerprinting

16. 16 Copying DNA Polymerase Chain ReactionPolymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

17. 17 PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

18. 18 Cloning CloneClone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells asexual reproductionMay be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

19. 19 Cloning organisms body cell egg cellA body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused divides like a normal embryoThe resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

20. 20 Cloning “Dolly”

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22. 22 Stem Cells A human embryo up to 14 days is a ball of undifferentiated cells called stem cells They have the potential to develop into various types of cells

23. 23 Stem Cells As an adult, you have some stem cells (bone marrow), but they can only develop into certain types of tissue Embryonic stem cells have the potential to help people with disabling diseases that affect tissues

24. 24 Human Genome Project

25. 25 Human Genome Project Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) Over 3.3 billion nucleotides Mapping every gene location (loci) Conducted by scientists around the world

26. 26 HGP Insights Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) Other 98% (introns) are non-coding Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

27. 27 Benefits of Human Genome Project Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques …Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

28. 28 Benefits of Genetic Engineering

29. 29 Biotechnology - The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

30. 30 Biotechnology Provides: Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment

31. 31 Herbicide Resistant Crops Soybeans: Roundup Ready Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

32. 32 Biotechnology Breakthroughs Insulin (1982) –First commercial biotech product –Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin Rice –Enriched with beta-carotene and iron Bananas –Containing edible hepatitis vaccine Insulin (1982) –First commercial biotech product –Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin Rice –Enriched with beta-carotene and iron Bananas –Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

33. 33 Biotechnology Breakthroughs Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables that reducerisks of cancer and heart disease Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables that reducerisks of cancer and heart disease

34. 34 Environmental Benefits Reduced pesticide use Lower energy requirements Cleaner water Less soil erosion Reduced pesticide use Lower energy requirements Cleaner water Less soil erosion

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