1. Origins of World War Two 1919-1941
What attempts were made to establish a permanent peace after World War One?

2. The 14 Points

3. The 14 Points Regarded as very ideological – it had no ‘teeth’
Disarmament was not generally followed up it took the League until 1932 to meet to discuss general disarmament
France wanted security before disarmament
Failure to agree gave Hitler an excuse to withdraw Germany from the League

4. The 14 Points contd.
The delegates at the Paris Peace Talks considered President Wilson’s 14 Point Plan for Peace
These points included setting up the League of Nations and addressing some of the causes of WWl such as secret diplomacy, arms and freedom of the seas

5. The Treaty of Versailles

6. The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles had over 400 articles
Article 42-demilitarisation of the Rhineland
Article 45-cession of the Saar coalfields to France
Article 49-Governance of the Saarland to be given to the League of Nations and a plebiscite to be held after 15 years
Article 80-Anschluss with Austria forbidden
Article 82-over 3 million Germans to be left inside Czechoslovakia’s borders
Article 102-Danzig to be a Free City under the League and a Polish corridor to separate East and West Prussia

7. The Treaty of Versailles
Article 119- All Germany’s overseas lands confiscated
Articles Germany to be disarmed – no submarines, no military instructions, no air force, no importation of war materials, army limited to 100,000
Article 231-Germany to accept responsibility for causing WWl and War Guilt
Article 232- Germany to pay reparations of ₤6.6 billion
Article 428-Allied army of occupation to be stationed in the Rhineland for 15 years

8. The Treaty of Versailles
The Allies felt more secure
Germany was enraged and sought revenge
Hitler often cited the unfairness of the Treaty in his speeches
German President Streseman often spoke out against the Treaty in the 1920s
Germans particularly resented the ‘war guilt’ clause

9. The Treaty up to 1930
Only Germany and its allies were disarmed by the Treaty
Germany fell behind in its reparation payments in 1923
France occupied the Ruhr until Germany began to repay the reparations. German workers went on strike as a protest and the German economy collapsed under hyper-inflation
The US loaned money to Germany to help with repayments

10. The Other Treaties

11. Treaty of St Germaine – Austria September 1919
No Anschluss with Germany
Sudetenland went to Czechoslovakia
Hungary to be independent
Austrian Empire to be reduced
Bosnia-Herzegovina given to Yugoslavia
Army limited to 30,000
To pay reparations

12. Treaty of Neuilly -Bulgaria November 1919
Lost land to Yugoslavia
Lost Western Thrace to Greece which meant that Bulgaria lost the coastline that lead more directly into the Mediterranean

13. Treaty of Trianon-Hungary June 1920
Hungary lost some border districts to Czechoslovakia
Transylvania was given to Rumania which doubled Rumania’s size

14. Treaty of Sevres- Turkey August 1920
Gave up most of its empire
Retained only a small part of its European land
Egypt became independent

15. The League of Nations

16. The League of Nations 1920
A League could be used to deal with problems that may arise out of the treaties
The League had a Covenant which established procedures for dealing with future problems

17. The League’s Covenant:
Article 10 - territory and independence of all League members was to be respected
Article 11 - any threats of war were to be drawn to the League’s attention
Article 12 – any disputes were to be dealt with by the League who would make recommendations
Article 16 – sanctions could be imposed on member nations who did not comply with the League’s recommendations and the League was to inform countries what sort of armed forces they would have to supply to the League

18. Germany and the The League of Nations 1920
Germany lost its former colonies to the care of the League
Germany lost 13.5% of its territory
Germany lost 7 million people
Germany lost its merchant marine

19. Some British officials such as Harold Nicholson, felt that the final treaty was unjust
Lenin regarded it as unfair

20. The League up to 1930
Initially the League had some successes: Aaland Islands dispute between Sweden and Finland, the division of Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland and a border dispute between Bulgaria and Greece.
A major problem was the US refusal to ratify its own membership
Germany was initially refused membership as a punishment
Germany was invited to join the League in 1926 after the Locarno Treaties were signed
Communist Russia was not invited to join

21. How people and countries reacted to attempts to restore and maintain peace up to 1930

22. USA
The USA continued with its isolationist foreign policy

23. Era of Reconciliation Generally goodwill prevailed in the 1920s
1925 the Treaty of Locarno – Germany agreed with Belgium and France accept its borders and never attack each other again
1926 Germany joined the League of Nations
1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact to never have war again – signed by 64 countries including Germany and Russia
Treaty of Locarno
Aristide Briand
Frank Kellogg

24. Organisation de la Paix
France still felt insecure in spite of the Treaty of Versailles
During the 1920s France signed a series of agreements with countries that surrounded Germany:
1920 Belgium
1921 Poland
1924 Czechoslovakia
1926 Rumania
1927 Yugoslavia

25. Treaty of Rapallo 1921
Germany and Russia felt left out after the Paris Peace Talks
They signed the Treaty of Rapallo with each other
It was a treaty of friendship and co-operation
It allowed Germany to build military equipment on Russian soil in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles

26. 1922 The Washington Treaties
Britain met with Japan and the USA to discuss naval policy and the tensions in the Far East
The establishment of an inter-nation ratio for the construction of warships and an agreement to consult over disputes in the Pacific region

27. The Dawes Plan 1924
The Dawes Plan was an attempt following World War One for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it

28. The Maginot Line
In 1927 the French built the Maginot Line which was a series of fortresses along the Franco-German border

29. 1929 The Young Plan
This further reduced Germany’s reparations from ₤6.6 billion to ₤2 billion

30. Wall Street Crash
The Wall Street Crash triggered a world wide Depression.
This was felt most critically in Germany
Governments around the world began to intervene in their economies thus encouraging Social Welfare