1. Objective: Chapter 13- Biotechnology

2. Biotechnology
The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans.

3. Recombinant DNA Technology
Putting a gene from one organism into another (plasmid). “AKA gene splicing”

4. Plasmid
Circular piece of bacterial DNA that replicates separate from the larger chromosome (in bacteria only)

5. Making a Recombinant DNA Molecule
Restriction enzymes: found only in bacteria and is harvested to cut DNA at specific locations

6. How does it work?
Human DNA
DNA of Bacteria

7. How does it know where to cut?
Restriction enzymes recognize and cut (splice) the DNA only at specific nucleotide sequences

8. How does it work? Once the DNA is cut, there are sticky ends:
Sticky ends: unpaired bases at the ends of the DNA where the enzymes have cut
DNA Ligase:
The “glue” that joins the 2 different DNA strands together

10. Gene Therapy
Human DNA
DNA of Bacteria

11. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
Any organism that has aquired one or more genes by artificial means. (ex: a plant that contains a gene to delay ripening)

12. Cloning
A technique used to make genetically identical organisms called clones
Easy to clone bacteria, difficult to clone multicellular organisms like animals
First cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep cloned in 1997
Cloning humans raises serious ethical concerns (is it right or wrong?)

13. What happened to Dolly?
Dolly was the first organism that was successfully cloned.
Born: 1998
Died: 2003
Cause: lung disease

14. Summary What are the steps in cloning a sheep?
Take a nucleus from the cell of one sheep
Take an egg cell from another sheep and take the nucleus out
Fuse the nucleus and the egg cell
Grow the cells
Insert the cells in the uterus of a foster mother

15. Do these cells look alike? Do they function alike?

16. Gene Expression
-All cells in the body have the same 30,000 genes on the same 46 chromosomes
Gene expression is the transcription and translation of genes into proteins (genes are “turned on” and a protein is made)

17. Cellular Differentiation
Cells become specialized in structure and function (heart cell, brain cell, lung cell)

18. Differentiation
Blastula
Zygote
Embryo
Embryo

19. Stem Cells Undifferentiated Cells
Have the potential to differentiate into various types of cells