1. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and food production

3. GENETIC ENGINEERING When genes or pieces of DNA are taken from one organism and transferred to another organisms BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and food production

4. GENETIC ENGINEERING: PURPOSES With DNA technology, specific or desired genes can be inserted into organisms in order to reach desired outcomes such as producing human insulin for diabetics, creating disease-resistant crops for food, or creating “glow-in-the-dark” fish as pets Recombinant DNA – when DNA from two different organisms is joined together

5. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Organisms that contain DNA from other, different organisms  “Genetically Modified Organisms”  (GMOs)

6. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ARE CALLED TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Ex. GloFish The first genetically modified pet

7. Scientists insert desired using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase gene into plasmid Recombinant DNA incorporated into plant chromosome Plasmid combined with plant cells in culture Plant has new DNA and produces new proteins DNA in a bacterial cell forms a ring called a plasmid Creating a Transgenic Organism

8. HOW DO WE ‘PICK AND CHOOSE’ DNA? WE USE RESTRICTION ENZYMES Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific base pair sequences

9. RESTRICTION ENZYMES

10. HOW ARE TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (GMOS) HELPFUL? 1 – To enhance agriculture Crops such as wheat, corn, tomatoes (etc.) are produced by biotechnology. The crops grow larger, faster, and are more disease resistant.

11. 2 – To enhance medicine Human insulin, human growth hormone are produced in this way. This method of production makes these medical supplies inexpensive and plentiful. HOW ARE TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (GMOS) HELPFUL?

13. Human Cell Gene for human growth hormone Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone Sticky ends DNA recombination DNA insertion Bacterial Cell Plasmid Bacterial chromosome Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone

16. BIOTECHNOLOGY: CLONING What? Genetically identical individuals are created from a single cell  A single cell from an adult it used to grow an entirely new but genetically identical individual without the help of another parent

17. 4. Fused cell begins dividing normally. 5. Embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. 3. Donor nucleus and empty egg cell are fused with an electric shock. 2. Donor cell taken from sheep’s udder. 1. An egg cell is taken from an adult sheep. 6. Embryo develops into an animal identical to the animal that donated the nucleus. BIOTECHNOLOGY: CLONING

18. DOLLY THE SHEEP – 1 ST CLONED MAMMAL

19. BIOTECHNOLOGY: PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION What? Making copies of specific segments of DNA

20. Increases the amount of DNA when only a small amount is available BIOTECHNOLOGY: PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

21. Useful example: increasing DNA in blood if only a small drop is found at a crime scene BIOTECHNOLOGY: PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

23. PRACTICE PROBLEM Which of the following is NOT a use for transgenic organisms (GMOs)? a. to produce disease-resistant crops b. to create a genetically identical individual from one single parent c. to produce seedless watermelons d. to create bacteria that produce insulin for diabetics

24. BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

25. 1.What do the bands in the drawing of the agarose gel represent? 2.Which band(s) traveled slowest? 3.Which band(s) traveled fastest? 4.On the above drawing, label the positive and negative ends of the gel. 5.How many bands are shared in common by all of the individuals? 6.Are there any bands which are unique to only one individual? If so, which one? biology.arizona.edu

26. BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

27. Gel Electrophoresis BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

29. What? DNA fragments are separated with electrophoresis and compared to one another  No two people (except identical twins) have exactly the same DNA  A child’s DNA is a combination of both parents BIOTECHNOLOGY: DNA FINGERPRINTING

30. Uses: crime scene testing or forensics BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

31. Uses: crime scene testing or forensics BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

32. Uses: crime scene testing or forensics BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

33. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT Goal: To determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA To identify and map the 35,000-40,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes  Project began in 1990 and was completed in (approximately) 2003

35. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT Uses: To use the information to detect and treat abnormalities that lead to diseases and disorders  Opponents are afraid that this info could lead to a future where parents could genetically select everything from eye color to intelligence in their children (ex. “designer babies”)  Ex. GATTACA???

36. CELL DIFFERENTIATION If we start off as one cell, how do we grow into many different cells that perform many different functions? http://jpkc.scu.edu.cn/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech12-2.jpg

37. CELL DIFFERENTIATION Cell differentiation is the process by which a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell.

38. CELL DIFFERENTIATION During development, cells receive different chemical signals that turn certain genes on and off.

39. BIOTECHNOLOGY: STEM CELL RESEARCH Stem cells are undifferentiated cells – they have the potential to develop into any type of cell.

40. BACKGROUND: CELL DIFFERENTIATION When DNA is instructed to make specific proteins, this in turn causes a cell to become a particular TYPE of cell.

41. Embryonic stem cells develop in early-stage embryos and can be stimulated to develop into any of the more than 200 adult cell types. BIOTECHNOLOGY: STEM CELL RESEARCH

42. STEM CELL RESEARCH Adult stem cells exist in specific locations and are used to maintain or repair the specific types of tissues where they are found Ex. Hematopoietic stem cells can develop into any type of blood cell.

43. Ethics of biotechnology and genetic engineering…

44. BIOETHICS Bioethics: the study of standards for what is right and what is wrong;  controls the actions of many scientists; tries to balance the needs of the people with the needs of science research Cannot defend a study ethically unless the presumed cost is lower than expected benefit

45. TRANSGENICS Are we bypassing nature? Are “designer babies” ethical? Are there any health hazards of genetically modified foods?

46. CLONING Using cloning for reproduction (ex: technology to clone humans is similar to cloning sheep, but humans have never been cloned) Using cloning to make embryonic stem cells for medical use

47. STEM CELL RESEARCH Embryonic stem cells must be harvested from aborted fetuses; right to life debate Research could potentially help treat many medical problems, but do we have the right to alter human lives in this manner?