1. Social Change, Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Technology
CHAPTER 16
Social Change, Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Technology

2. Key Topics 16-1 Collective Behavior 16-2 Social Movements
16-3 Technology and Social Change

3. Collective Behavior

4. Collective Behavior
Social change: the transformations of societies and social institutions over time
Collective behavior: the spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a large number of people
An act rather than a state of mind
Varies in its degree of spontaneity and structure

5. Collective Behavior
Structural Strain Theory: Macro-level factors encourage or discourage collective behavior.
Structural conduciveness: social conditions allow the behavior to occur
Structural strain: an important aspect of a social system is seen as causing problems
Growth and spread of a generalized belief: people begin to see an event as a widespread problem

6. Collective Behavior Structural Strain Theory:
Precipitating factors: incidents or dramatic experiences that trigger events
Mobilizing people for action: leaders emerge
Social control: opposing groups try to prevent the action

7. Collective Behavior
Rumor: unfounded information spread among people in rapid fashion
Gossip: the act of spreading news about other people’s personal lives
Urban legends: stories that supposedly happened to people
Discussion: Why do rumors, gossip, and urban legends exist? Why do they have the power they do?

8. Collective Behavior
Panic involves a collective flight from a real or perceived danger in an irrational way.
Mass hysteria involves an intense, fearful, and anxious reaction to a real or imagined threat.

9. Collective Behavior
Fashion is a standard of appearance, thinking, or behavior that enjoys widespread acceptance.
Fads spread rapidly and enthusiastically but last for only a short time.
Crazes become all-consuming passions for a short period of time.

10. Collective Behavior—Application
Is it fashion, fad, or craze?
For a few months, many people were trying the South Beach Diet.
One Christmas, most American children desperately wanted a Cabbage Patch doll.
In recent years, many women have been getting color highlights in their hair.
South Beach: fad
Cabbage Patch: craze
Highlights: fashion

11. Collective Behavior
Disasters are unexpected occurrences that cause widespread damage, destruction, distress, and loss.
Disasters can be due to social causes, technological causes, or natural causes.
Disasters often inspire organization rather than chaos.
Discussion: Why does a particular event cause panic sometimes and organization other times?

12. Collective Behavior
A public is a collection of people who are interested in a particular issue.
Public opinion involves a verbalization about a matter of concern and involves controversial matter.
Propaganda is the presentation of information designed to influence others.

13. Collective Behavior
Crowds are temporary collections of people who are geographically together and share a common interest.
Casual crowd: have little in common but come together in the same place to participate in a common event
Conventional crowd: assembles for a specific purpose and follows common norms

14. Collective Behavior
Expressive crowd: exhibit strong emotions toward some object or event
Acting crowd: motivated by powerful emotions and have a single-minded purpose
Protest crowd: assemble to achieve a specific goal

15. Collective Behavior—Application
What type of crowd is it?
Thousands attend the football game between the 2 major universities in the state.
A group assembles across the street from a women’s clinic in opposition to abortion.
A shopping mall was packed with people the week before Christmas.
Football: conventional crowd
Women’s clinic: protest crowd
Shopping mall: casual crowd

16. Collective Behavior
A mob is a highly emotional and disorderly crowd that uses the force or violence against a specific target.
A riot is a violent crowd that directs its hostility at a wide and shifting range of targets.

17. Social Movements

18. Social Movements
A social movement is a large organization to promote or resist some social change in society.
Social movements are organized, deliberate, and structured.

19. Social Movements
Alternative movements: aimed at changing people’s attitudes and behaviors in a specific way; seeking limited change among some people
Redemptive movements: seek to create dramatic change in some people’s lives
Reformative movements: seek to change everyone on a particular topic
Alternative example: Alcoholic Anonymous
Redemptive example: Christian fundamentalist group
Reformative example: the Civil Rights Movement

20. Social Movements
Resistance movements: reactionary movements that seek to block change
Revolutionary movements: want to destroy a social order and replace it with a new one
Resistance example: anti-abortion movement
Revolutionary example: the French Revolution

21. Social Movements—Application
Identify the type of social movement:
People promoting a constitutional amendment defining marriage as existing between a man and a woman
The women’s rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s
Weight Watchers
Constitutional amendment: resistance
Women’s rights: reformative
Weight Watchers: alternative

22. Social Movements
Mass Society Theory suggests that social movements offer a sense of belonging to people who feel alienated and disconnected from others.
Relative Deprivation Theory argues that people react to what they think they have relative to others.

23. Social Movements
Resource Mobilization Theory focuses on the need for organization and leadership to advance a cause. Movements also need money and equipment.
New Social Movements Theory emphasizes the linkages between culture, politics, and ideology. Recent movements have attracted relatively well-educated, affluent people who seek to promote the rights of all people.

24. Social Movements—Application
Identify the social movement theory:
Many well-known actors organize to end world hunger.
A movement is successful when it is led by an experienced former businessman.
People join social movements when they feel they deserve better than they are getting.
Well-known actors: new social movements
Businessman: resource mobilization
Deserve: relative deprivation

25. Social Movements Stages of Social Movements
Emergence: People are upset about some social condition and want to change it.
Organization: Active members form alliances, seek media coverage, develop strategies, and tactics.
Institutionalization: The movement becomes more organized and bureaucratic.

26. Social Movements Stages of Social Movements:
Decline: In the last stage movements may
Become interest groups and part of society’s fabric
Be co-opted by government or other groups
Become distracted
Experience fragmentation
Be repressed
Discussion: What makes a social movement successful?

27. Social Movements Importance of social movements:
Individual level: Individuals have rights because of past social movements.
Institutional level: Movement changes general practices.
Societal level: Movements can affect entire society and world.
Individual example: women’s rights
Institutional example: healthier foods
Societal example: spread of democracy

28. Technology and Social Change

29. Technology and Social Change
Technology is the scientific application of knowledge for practical purposes.
Computer technology began in 1887 and has become more pervasive and sophisticated over the years.
Robots have been developed that can perform human-like functions.

30. Technology and Social Change
Biotechnology is a broad term that applies to all practical uses of living organisms in the biological sciences.
Genetic engineering involves technologies that can change the makeup of cells and move genes across species boundaries.
Stem cell research involves self-regenerating cells found in embryos, umbilical cords, and parts of adult bodies.
Discussion: Why is biotechnology controversial? Should there be limits on the use of biotechnology?

31. Technology and Social Change
Nanotechnology involves building objects and substances one atom or molecule at a time.

32. Technology and Social Change
DNA testing is used in
Detecting, apprehending, and prosecuting criminals
Providing people with information about predispositions for diseases
Discussion: What are the potential problems with the use of DNA testing? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? What technology has benefitted us the most?

33. Technology and Social Change
Privacy issues result from the use of computer and communication technologies.
Computer information is not always removed before the hardware is reused.
Information is collected about people as they search the Internet.
Insurance companies have accessed information about individuals’ purchase of prescription drugs.
Discussion: How can we ensure that technology is used responsibly? Is it possible to develop guidelines for the development of new technologies? What are some of the other concerns about technology?

34. Chapter Review What is social change?
Describe the structural strain theory of collective behavior.
Describe the varieties of collective behavior.
Describe the different types of social movements.

35. Chapter Review
Distinguish among the theories of why social movements emerge.
Describe the stages of social movements.
How has technology changed society?