1. Microbiology and Cell Biology
The basis of biotechnology

2. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Cells are the basic unit of life.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Single-celled
No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Smaller (0.001 to mm)
Single or multi-celled
Have a nucleus
Have membrane- bound organelles
Larger

3. Three Domains Domains of Life Eukarya Eukaryotes Archaea -prokaryotes
- often extremophiles
Bacteria
- largest group

4. Man’s Use of Microorganisms
Microbiology – study of microorganisms (microbes) and their effects on living organisms.
Antibiotics
Model systems
Biological weapons
Biofuels
Food additives
Pharmaceutical and protein production

5. Koch’s Postulates
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy animals.
The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

6. Importance of Antibiotics
A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys a microorganism
Main line of defense against bacterial disease
First discovered in 1928 by Alexander Flemming (penicillin)
1940s – large scale use began in the military during WWII
Antimicrobial resistance continues to increase.

7. Anatomy of a Bacteria

8. Identifying Bacteria - Gram staining
Invented by Hans Christian Gram in 1882
Two purposes:
Determine the cell wall composition
Make the shape of the cells visible (400x to 1000x magnification)

9. Identifying Bacteria Based on the thickness of the peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Cell walls are thick so they take up the stain.
Tend to turn purple or blue w/ Gram stain
Cell walls are thin so they do not take up the stain.
Tend to turn red w/ Gram stain.

10. Figure 3.6

11. Identifying Bacteria - Assays
Tests the activity of a drug or biomolecule in an organism or sample
Ex: Starch hydrolysis test – determines if bacteria produce amylase

12. Bacteria Classification
Three types based upon their shapes…
Bacteria Classification
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillum
Spherical shape
Oval or rod shaped
Spiral shaped
“strepto” from Greek streptos meaning ‘twisted chain’
“staphylo” from Greek staphule meaning ‘bunch of grapes’

13. In the guts (digestive tracts) of animals
EHEC (entero-hemorrhagic E. coli) bacteria (red) attached to gut cells (green)

14. Where do Bacteria Live? Use photos Soil bacteria

15. Morning Glory Pool (hot spring), Yellowstone National Park
Morning Glory Pool (hot spring), Yellowstone National Park

16. Sulfur-consuming bacteria form “cave snot”

17. Bacteria in glaciers has been estimated at 8 million years old

18. salt marsh bacteria

19. Anatomy of a Eukaryotic Cell

22. Uses of Eukaryotic Cells in Biotechnology
Fermentation – yeast
Protein production
Therapeutic drugs – i.e. antibodies
Stem cells
Embryonic
Adult/ Induced pluripotent

23. Resources http://cleanairsystems.biz/images/bac02.jpg
crobiology-immunology/bacteria/