2. Introduction to Statistics for the Social Sciences SBS200, COMM200, GEOG200, PA200, POL200, or SOC200 Lecture Section 001, Fall, 2014 Room 120 Integrated Learning Center (ILC) 10:00 - 10:50 Mondays, Wednesdays & Fridays. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSQJP40PcGI

3. Everyone will want to be enrolled in one of the lab sessions Labs will start Today

4. Everyone will want to be enrolled in one of the lab sessions Remember: Bring electronic copy of your data (flash drive or email it to yourself) Your data should have correct formatting See Lab Materials link on class website to double- check formatting of excel is exactly consistent Labs next week

5. Peer review is an important skill in nearly all areas of business and science. Please strive to provide productive, useful and kind feedback as you complete your peer review

6. Schedule of readings Before next exam (September 26 th ) Please read chapters 1 - 4 in Ha & Ha textbook Please read Appendix D, E & F online On syllabus this is referred to as online readings 1, 2 & 3 Please read Chapters 1, 5, 6 and 13 in Plous Chapter 1: Selective Perception Chapter 5: Plasticity Chapter 6: Effects of Question Wording and Framing Chapter 13: Anchoring and Adjustment

7. Reminder A note on doodling

8. By the end of lecture today 9/8/14 Use this as your study guide Questionnaire design and evaluation Surveys and questionnaire design Random versus Non-random sampling Simple versus systematic random sampling Sample frame and randomization

9. Homework due – Wednesday (September 10 th ) On class website: please print and complete homework worksheet #3 & 4 Please note: This assignment will require gathering data so plan ahead

10. Wording How satisfied are you with your relationships with your family? How satisfied are you with your relationship with your romantic partner? spouse? Order “Would you say our president is a great president or the greatest president?” The Colbert Report How might we word a question about an ongoing war if we wanted it to reflect support / not? How might we word a question about the gay marriage if we wanted it to reflect support / not? Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items.

11. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction 1. Make sure items match research objectives & Identify what constructs you are trying to understand (Be explicit in identifying your constructs) 3. Use appropriate, natural and familiar language 2. Responders have the answers to our questions We are tapping into their attitudes/beliefs/ knowledge Understand your research participants “think like” the responders / consider their sensibilities use appropriate, natural and familiar language (for them)

12. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction 3. Assessment should feel easy and clear, unthreatening Be clear, precise and concise (short questions) Minimize use of contingency questions Start with most friendly (least threatening) questions first then at the end “now a couple questions about you” (foot in the door phenomenon) Avoid double negatives For example: Agree or disagree? Teachers shouldn’t have less contact with parents 4. Avoid ambiguity and bias in your items Avoid “double-barreled” questions - Difficult to interpret answers Avoid leading or loaded questions - Can introduce bias Consider problem of acquiescence – Ask question in different ways (careful with coding)

13. Consider open-ended vs closed-ended questions 5. Consider lots of different formats for responses - can often modify a question into a closed question - pros and cons of each 5 Principles of questionnaire construction Consider complementing your questionnaire with other forms of data collection (focus group or direct observation) Pilot – feedback – fix - pilot – analyze – fix - pilot – etc Respect process of empirical approach

14. Types of questions

15. Likert Rating scales: measure that allows for rating the level of agreement with a statement. The score reflects the sum of responses on a series of items. Rating scales: a continuum of response choices Anchored rating scales: a written description somewhere on the scale Agree 1---2---3---4---5 Disagree Fully anchored rating scales: a written description for each point on the scale 1---------2---------3---------4---------5 Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree AgreeDisagree Neutral I prefer rap music to classical music

16. Summated scales - miniquiz (like Cosmo - ask several questions then sum responses) 1. Lower taxes and a smaller government will improve the standard of living for all. government will improve the standard of living for all. agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree - For example, several questions on political views (coded so that larger numbers mean “more liberal”) 2. Marriage should be between one man and one woman agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree 3. Evolution of species has no place in public education agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree

17. Ranking scales Rank options in ascending or descending order An apartment / house should have ___ lots of square feet ___ access to bus route Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys ___ pleasant neighbors ___ workshop / workout area ___ big rooms ___ close to work / school

18. Semantic differential Create a profile of your opinion An apartment / house should be (place checkmarks) Cozy and small___ _______________roomy and large Cozy and small___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ roomy and large Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys Quiet ___ _______________Active community Quiet ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Active community Larger communal rooms ___ _______________Larger bedrooms Larger communal rooms ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Larger bedrooms

19. Checklist An apartment / house should have ___ lots of square feet ___ access to bus route Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys ___ pleasant neighbors ___ workshop / workout area ___ big rooms ___ close to work / school

20. Questionnaire is a set of fixed-format, self-report items completed without supervision or time-constraint Response rate and power of random sampling Response rate and power of random sampling Number of responders versus percentage of responders Number of responders versus percentage of responders Wording, order, balance can all affect results Wording, order, balance can all affect results Really important regarding bias ! Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items.

21. As “composers” of questionnaire data – how should we ask? - pilot – fix - pilot – analyze – fix - pilot – all the way through your design As “consumers” of questionnaire data – what should we ask? Number of responders versus percentage of responders Operational definitions of constructs Wording Methodology of sampling Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items.

22. Preview of Questionnaire Homework There are four parts: Statement of Objectives Questionnaire itself (which is the operational definitions of the objectives) Data collection and creation of database Creation of graphs representing results

23. QuestionnaireHomework Objectives: This study will examine some of the subject characteristics that predict whether an individual is likely to prefer modern music characterized by amplified guitar rock and roll sounds or whether they would prefer older styles of music characterized by acoustic, orchestral (like cello) classical sounds. We will examine whether gender and age are associated with musical preference.

24. QuestionnaireHomework

25. QuestionnaireHomework

26. QuestionnaireHomework What might you graph?

27. QuestionnaireHomework

28. QuestionnaireHomework

29. QuestionnaireHomework Average of these three scores

30. QuestionnaireHomework Average of these two scores

31. QuestionnaireHomework Variable label and scale values

32. QuestionnaireHomework Average of these three scores

33. QuestionnaireHomework Average of these two scores

34. QuestionnaireHomework Variable label and scale values

35. QuestionnaireHomework