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Science and Medicine Scientists got a good look at cells and discovered they were made up of smaller organelles. Gregor Mendel, a monk, worked with pea plants and discovered dominant and recessive traits. –Beginning of study of genetics.
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Gregor Mendel
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Edward Jenner invented vaccinations. –Dosing someone with weak or dead strains of a disease, so antibodies are created. Jenner noticed milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox. Created the Smallpox Vaccine, virtually wiping smallpox out.
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Edward Jenner
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Louis Pasteur learned that heating, then cooling liquids will kill any bacteria. –Called Pasteurization.
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Anesthetics began to be used in surgery. –Chloroform, laudanum, ether. Joseph Lister began working on sterilizing hospitals and medical equipment to prevent infection. –Used a spray of carbolic acid.
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Joseph Lister
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Social Sciences Study of human behavior and interaction. Anthropology – Study of different cultures, both past and present. Sociology – Study of people’s interactions in society. Psychology – Study of the mind and human behavior. –Two major pioneers in psychology:
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Ivan Pavlov. Studied “conditioned response.” –Train someone to behave a certain way to stimulus. Studied “positive and negative reinforcement.” –Modify behavior through rewards and punishments.
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Sigmund Freud. Founded Psychiatry, or the study and treatment of mental illness. Believed that events subconsciously affected behavior. Divided brain into 3 sections: –Id – Crocodile brain. –Ego – Conscious brain. –Superego – Unconscious brain.
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Literature New movement in literature – Romanticism. –View of life as it should be, not how it is. James Fenimore Cooper – “Last of the Mohicans.” –American Indians were “noble savages.”
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Brothers Grimm – Collected German fairy tales. –Little Red Riding Hood – Wolf ate part of Grandma, chopped up the rest and served it to Red, bottled Grandma’s blood and served it as wine. –Hansel and Gretel – Wolf eats breadcrumbs, kids get lost; Dad finds them; Witch kills Dad; Witch eats Hansel; Gretel gets away, comes back and kills Witch. Mary Shelley – Frankenstein. –Scary monster story, monster is “misunderstood”.
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Bram Stoker – Dracula. –Scary monster story. Sir Walter Scott – Ivanhoe. –Noble, glorious knights. Goethe – Faust. –Man makes deal with the Devil.
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Music Ludwig van Beethoven. Franz Schubert. Frederick Chopin. –All had powerful, passionate music. Pyotr Tchaikovsky – Russian. –Wrote 1812 Overture to celebrate Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo. Richard Wagner – German. –Ride of the Valkyries. –Hitler’s favorite composer.
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Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Schubert
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Frederick ChopinPyotr Tchaikovsky
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Richard Wagner
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Valkyrie
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Art New art movement – Realism. –Show things as they are, not as they ought to be.
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