1. House of Tudor

2. The Battle of Bosworth Henry VII becomes King
The battle was fought between the armies of Richard III and Henry VII, who were distant relatives
It was called the ‘War of the Roses’ because each side of the family was represented by a different coloured rose
Richard’s army was larger but was nonetheless beaten
Henry was crowned King after winning the battle
His name was Henry Tudor and thus he was the first ‘Tudor’ King
He bought peace to England after 85 years of civil war

3. Marriage
In , Henry VII negotiated the preliminary treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain which included the proposal that Arthur would be married to Catherine of Aragon, the young daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the famed monarchs.
In 1496, further negotiations were conducted and it was agreed that Catherine, 16, would come to England in 1500, when Arthur was 14. Catherine did eventually arrive in October 1501.

4. Young Love
After 16 years of negotiation and earlier proxy betrothals and marriages, the Spanish marriage for Arthur finally took place 14th November 1501 in old St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
Although Henry VII had (and still has) a reputation for penny-pinching, this wedding was an occasion that he spared no expense. After the wedding, Arthur and Catherine went to Ludlow Castle on the border between England and Wales to set up their household.

5. Or Not…
In March of 1502 Arthur fell ill, possibly of tuberculosis, the plague or the dreaded “sweating sickness” and died on April 2.

6. Take 2
Henry did not want to give up the rich dowry given to him from Spain, so he had his second son, much more robust and healthy than his dead older brother, take his place.

7. Young love…Take 2
14 months after her husband’s death, she was betrothed to her brother-in-law.
Henry was too young to marry at the time
When Henry VII died in 1509, one of the new king’s first acts was to marry Catherine.

8. Finally…
She was finally crowned queen in a joint coronation ceremony with her new husband, Henry VIII on June 24, 1509

9. Shortly after the marriage, Catherine found herself pregnant!

10. But the first child was a stillborn daughter born premature in 1510
Henry’s not happy!

11. This disappointment was soon followed by another pregnancy!

12. Prince Henry was born on January 1, 1511
Henry was happy!

13. But the young prince died after 52 days
Henry’s not happy!

14. Catherine then had a miscarriage, followed by a short-lived son
In February of 1516 Catherine gave Birth to a daughter, Mary.
The child lived
But there was no male heir…

15. Henry’s still not happy!
Henry's main aim was to make sure that the Tudors would keep on ruling England after he died.
Henry feared a new civil war after his death (like the one his own father had won)
He believed that only a boy could inherit his kingdom.
Henry’s still not happy!

16. I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn
I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn. If only I could marry her instead. Will the Pope give me a divorce?
I need a son. I have been married for 20 years and my wife, Catherine of Aragon is too old to have any more children. Who will inherit my throne when I die?
The Church is very rich. I need money for my luxurious court. If only I could get my hands on it.
The new Protestant ideas are spreading in Germany. Princes there are reforming their churches and throwing out the Catholic Church.
The Church takes money out my country in taxes to help build St Peter’s in Rome. What do I get in return?
Some people in England like the new Protestant ideas. They believe that the Bible should be in English not Latin.

17. Who was Martin Luther? He could read Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
Whilst comparing the Latin Catholic Bible with the original Greek & Hebrew he found that certain parts were incorrectly translated.
Luther hung his research on the local Church door in Wittenburg in 1517.
He disagreed with the Pope and began the protestant religion.

18. What did Martin Luther Believe?
You Don’t have to go to Church to get your soul cleaned.
The Church is wrong to sell indulgencies which buy time out of Purgatory.
Read the Bible in your own language and not Latin.
Its wrong to make an image of God.
The Church is too rich.

19. What other changes took place in Protestant Churches?

20. Catherine of Aragon Born in Spain
Had been married to Henry’s brother Arthur who died
Married Henry in 1509
She had six children but only one survived – a daughter, Mary

21. Act of Supremacy of 1534 creates the Church of England
After 20 years, he wanted to get a divorce, which was not permitted by the Catholic Church
He told Cardinal Wolsey to ask the Pope for special permission, but he was refused
Henry used this as a reason to create the ‘Church of England’, with himself as the ‘Supreme Head’
His first act was to divorce Catherine of Aragon

22. Anne Boleyn Born in England
Had two children but only one survived, a daughter, Elizabeth
Anne was arrested for being unfaithful to Henry
Realistically, she could not produce a male heir
She was beheaded
Henry was engaged 24 hours later

23. Jane Seymour Born in England
Jane was betrothed to Henry within 24 hrs of Anne’s death
She had one child, a son, Edward
Jane died two weeks after giving birth

24. Anne of Cleves Born in Germany
A political union with a Protestant kingdom
Henry had a painting of her but when he met her he thought she was ugly
Referred to her as the “Flanders Mare”
They married but did not live together
They had no children
Henry divorced her
Did not want to get into a war
Thought she was ugly

25. Catherine Howard Born in England She was the lady in waiting for Anne
She was very attractive
There were no children
Henry heard rumours she was being unfaithful
She was
She was beheaded
Buried next to her cousin
Anne Boleyn

26. Catherine Parr Born in England She had been married twice before
They had no children
Henry married her to look after him in his old age
She outlived him as Henry died in 1547

27. The Wives of Henry VIII Catherine Howard Anne Boleyn Catherine Parr
Anne of Cleves
Jane Seymour
Catherine of Aragon

28. Edward VI
Edward VI was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. He was nine years old when he became King, so his uncle, Duke of Northumberland, became his advisor.
Like his father, Edward was a protestant and wanted England to remain a protestant country.
Edward was very ill and he died at the age of 16.
After his death, the Duke of Northumberland named Lady Jane Grey as the next Queen.
Lady Jane Grey was Henry VII’s great-granddaughter.
Edward’s sister Mary was not to become Queen because she was a Catholic.

29. Lady Jane Grey The Nine Day Queen
Lady Jane Grey became Queen of England in 1553.
She was a Protestant.
She was only Queen for nine days because she was forced off the throne by Edward’s sister Mary.
She was thrown into prison, refused to become Catholic, and then beheaded.

30. ‘Bloody Mary’
Mary became Queen in 1553, having overseen the execution of Lady Jane Grey
Her mother was Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s first wife.
Like her mother, she was a staunch Catholic and set about making England Catholic once again
She is called ‘Bloody Mary’ because of how she dealt with those who would not return to the Catholic Church
She had over 300 protestants executed
She made examples of many people by burning them in public
She married the Catholic Prince Philip of Spain.
They had no children.
She died in 1559 and was followed by her sister, Elizabeth I. 30

31. The Virgin Queen
Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn and was only 25 when she came to the throne
She immediately reinstalled the Church of England to power
She was determined to increase England’s power and strongly supported explorers like Drake and Raleigh in their efforts to increase England’s wealth
She was successful and England became the most powerful nation in the world
She swore never to marry and was hence known as the Virgin Queen 31

32. Defeating the Spanish Armada
Phillip II, King of Spain, (Mary’s husband) wanted England to be a Catholic country again so decided to invade.
He sent 131 ships with 33,000 soldiers, to attack England’s shores.
Sir Francis Drake was made the head of the Navy and told by Elizabeth I, despite having only half their strength, to keep the Armada at bay
He was successful for three reasons:
He was a great tactician and out-thought his enemy
Weather
Poor planning by the Spanish 32

33. The end of the Tudor line
As Elizabeth had no children, the crown passed on to the Stuart family
In 1603 James I became king