2. MENU What were THE CRUSADES? First Crusade Second Crusade Third Crusade Fourth Crusade Fifth CrusadeSixth Crusade Children's Crusade The end

3. The term crusades can be used to refer to any military operations launched during the middle ages by the Catholic Church. Most crusades, however, were directed at Muslim states in the Middle East, with the first starting in 1096 and the last in 1270. The term itself is derived from the Latin cruciata, which means "cross-marked," i.e. Croce signati, those who wear the insignia of scarlet crosses. What is the meaning of CRUSDES ?

4. First Crusade 1095–1099 At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to join a war against the Turks, promising those who died in the war would receive immediate remission of their sins. They ended marching to Jerusalem with only a fraction of their original forces. In 1099, the Crusader army took Jerusalem by assault and massacred the population.

5. Second Crusade 1147–1148 Muslims conquered the town of Edessa, so, a new crusade was called. French and South German armies, under the Kings Louis VII and Conrad III respectively, marched to Jerusalem in 1147. In the Holy Land by 1150, both the kings of France and Germany had returned to their countries without any result.

6. Third Crusade 1187–1192 In 1187, Saladin, recaptured Jerusalem, following the Battle of Hattin. Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusade, which was led by : Philip II of France, Richard I of England, and Frederick I king of Germany. Frederick drowned in Cilicia in 1190. Philip left, in 1191, after the Crusaders had recaptured Acre from the Muslims. Richard left the following year after establishing a truce with Saladin.

7. Fourth Crusade 1202–1204 The Fourth Crusade was initiated in 1202 by Pope Innocent III, with the intention of invading the Holy Land through Egypt. After a series of misunderstandings and outbreaks of violence, the crusaders sacked the city in 1204

8. Fifth Crusade 1217–1221 By processions, prayers, and preaching, the Church attempted to set another crusade afoot, and the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) formulated a plan for the recovery of the Holy Land. The crusaders were turned back after their dwindling supplies led to a forced retreat. A nighttime attack by the ruler of Egypt, the powerful Sultan Al-Kamil, resulted in a great number of crusader losses and eventually in the surrender of the army. Al-Kamil agreed to an eight- year peace agreement with Europe.

9. Sixth Crusade 1228–1229 Emperor Frederick II had repeatedly vowed a crusade but failed to live up to his words, for which he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX in 1228. He nonetheless set sail from Brindisi, landed in Palestine, and through diplomacy he achieved unexpected success: Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem were delivered to the crusaders for a period of ten years.

10. Children's Crusade The Children's Crusade is a series of possibly fictitious or misinterpreted events of 1212. The story is that an outburst of the old popular enthusiasm led a gathering of children in France and Germany. None of the children actually reached the Holy Land; they were either promised free transport but sold into slavery in Egypt or North Africa, died in shipwrecks crossing the Mediterranean Sea, returned home, settled along the route to Jerusalem, or died of hunger during the journey

12. Kevin ArlandiBrian Kim Andres Harwicz