2. Macromolecules

3. Carbohydrates Elements - Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H) Elements - Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and Oxygen(O). Structural unit -monosaccharide (one sugar) Structural unit -monosaccharide (one sugar) Example – glucose Example – glucose

4. Carbohydrates Cont.. Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction combining 2 molecules together and forming one molecule of water. Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction combining 2 molecules together and forming one molecule of water. http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html Disaccharide – two sugars, e.g. maltose Disaccharide – two sugars, e.g. maltose

5. Carbohydrates Cont.. Polysaccharide- many sugars, e.g. glycogen (starch) Hydrolysis reaction - adding water to break molecules apart. h h tttt tttt pppp :::: //// //// nnnn hhhh ssss cccc iiii eeee nnnn cccc eeee.... llll oooo nnnn eeee ssss tttt aaaa rrrr.... eeee dddd uuuu //// bbbb iiii oooo llll //// dddd eeee hhhh yyyy dddd rrrr aaaa tttt //// dddd eeee hhhh yyyy dddd rrrr aaaa tttt.... hhhh tttt mmmm llll

6. Carbs Cont.. Function: main source of energy for living organisms and some animals use them for structural purposes. Ex: Chitin (exoskeletons in animals), cellulose (cell wall in plants) Function: main source of energy for living organisms and some animals use them for structural purposes. Ex: Chitin (exoskeletons in animals), cellulose (cell wall in plants)

7. Lipids Elements - C, H, and O. Elements - C, H, and O. Structural unit - fatty acid, consisting of a carboxyl group, C chain and Hydrogen ’ s. Structural unit - fatty acid, consisting of a carboxyl group, C chain and Hydrogen ’ s. Examples - fats,oils and waxes. Examples - fats,oils and waxes.

8. Lipids Cont… Saturated fat - single bonds between C, e.g. solids, butter, meat Saturated fat - single bonds between C, e.g. solids, butter, meat Unsaturated fat - double bonds between C, e.g. liquids, oils Unsaturated fat - double bonds between C, e.g. liquids, oils Cholesterol - essential compound in Cholesterol - essential compound in animal tissue, but can build up causing narrow arteries.Which can lead to heart attack.

9. Lipids Cont.. Lipids consist of one glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids attached Lipids consist of one glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids attached Function: Store energy, important parts of cell membranes and waterproof coverings. Function: Store energy, important parts of cell membranes and waterproof coverings.

10. Proteins Elements - nitrogen (N), C, H and O. Elements - nitrogen (N), C, H and O. Structural unit - amino acid, consisting of 1 carboxyl group, 1 amino group, 1 hydrogen atom, and a side chain represented by R. Structural unit - amino acid, consisting of 1 carboxyl group, 1 amino group, 1 hydrogen atom, and a side chain represented by R. Example - hormone, Example - hormone, muscle, cell parts.

11. Proteins Cont… Amino acids are bonded together by a dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other. This is a peptide bond. Amino acids are bonded together by a dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other. This is a peptide bond. http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydra t/dehydrat.html Dipeptide - 2 amino acids. Dipeptide - 2 amino acids. Polypeptide - 3 or more amino acids. Polypeptide - 3 or more amino acids.

12. Proteins Cont.. Function: Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some form bones and muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight disease (antibodies). Function: Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some form bones and muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight disease (antibodies).

13. Proteins Cont… The sequence of amino acids determines its structure and the structure determines the function. The sequence of amino acids determines its structure and the structure determines the function. http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

14. Nucleic Acid Elements - phosphorous (P), N, C, H and O. Elements - phosphorous (P), N, C, H and O. Example - RNA and DNA Example - RNA and DNA Made of nucleotides which Made of nucleotides which consist of sugar and consist of sugar and phosphate sides and nitrogen bases, in between Consisting of guanine, cytosine, Thymine and adenine. DNA is a twisted ladder called a double helix.

15. Nucleic Acid Cont… RNA is single stranded containing Guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil. RNA is single stranded containing Guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil.

16. Nucleic Acid Cont… Function: These store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. They are the code that determines which amino acid gets picked up so in turn what protein is made. Function: These store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. They are the code that determines which amino acid gets picked up so in turn what protein is made.